Kozitsky Plant

Pre-Revolutionary years

It was founded in 1853 as the Main Telegraph Workshops of the German company Siemens and Halske , and since 1881 - the factory of the joint-stock company Siemens and Halske .

The factory began from a small workshop on Vasilievsky Island in St. Petersburg. The workshop specialized in the assembly of Hughes telegraph apparatus and spark radio stations.

At the beginning of 1868, in a house on the 1st line of Vasilievsky Island in St. Petersburg, a mechanical workshop was opened, in which the production of telegraph apparatus began ^[2] . As demand for Siemens and Halske products grew, expansion of production facilities was required. In this regard, in 1880, the workshops were transferred to the 6th line of Vasilyevsky Island, where factory premises were built in 1890 ^[3] . Here, on Vasilievsky Island, in 1879, the company founded its own cable plant ^[4] .

Only 15 masters worked in the workshop. Of these, only three are Russians. The hosts are German engineers Karl and Werner Siemens. The telegraph business, new to Tsarist Russia, turned out to be profitable, and the Siemens brothers soon erected a workshop for the building of the Siemens and Halske Electrical Engineering Plant. The company produces dynamos, telegraphs, railway signaling devices. In 1902, the plant began assembling radio stations from German parts. In 1917, after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power in the country and nationalized the enterprise, where the repair of radio stations for the Red Army was immediately established.

In April 1898, Emperor Nicholas II approved the decision of the Committee of Ministers on the establishment of the Joint-Stock Company of Russian Electrotechnical Plants Siemens and Halske ^[5] . The fixed capital of this company was determined in the amount of 4 million rubles. Most of the shares of the company were in the portfolio of Siemens & Halske Aktiengesellschaft in Berlin. In addition, a significant number of shares were in the hands of German entrepreneurs, whose interests were served by Deutsche Bank ^[6] . The successful financial and production activities of the joint-stock company in the last years of the 19th century and the consequent need to expand production required the company to issue additional shares. In February 1900, a resolution of the Ministry of Finance followed to increase the fixed capital of the joint-stock company to 7 million rubles. ^[7] However, the industrial crisis that soon broke out, and then the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, put electrical enterprises in a difficult position. The Siemens & Halske Board under these conditions “... concluded agreements with the German partnership of Siemens-Schukkert factories, as well as with the Berlin joint-stock company“ Siemens and Halske ”, which grant the company wide rights to use the privileges, instructions and experience of both companies and providing for society to a greater extent than until now, the possibility of close unity with the German enterprises of our company on all issues of production ” ^[8] .

The second step to improve the financial and economic situation of the joint-stock company was the desire to diversify production by including radio products in its range. To this end, Siemens and Halske in 1903 entered into an agreement with the Society of Wireless Telegraphs in Berlin ( Telefunken ), according to which the German company transferred JSC Russian Electrotechnical Plants five-year exclusive representation rights in Russia ^[9] . In order to avoid legal conflicts, a new, this time trilateral, agreement was signed on May 21, 1904, to which radio inventor A.S. Popov also became a party. In accordance with this document, "for the joint operation of wireless telegraphy in Russia," a branch for wireless telegraphy was established at the St. Petersburg enterprise according to the system of Professor Popov and the Wireless Telegraph Society. In fact, this meant the legalization by the German concern of its branch in Russia, the director of which was invited by the German engineer I. D. Tykotsiner, who worked in this capacity until 1919 ^[10] . The activities of the Department for Wireless Telegraphy (later - the Radio Telegraph Workshop) were not of an independent production nature. By its own admission, the board of Siemens and Halske JSC until 1909, the company practically produced only individual parts for radio installations. All other components came from Germany, at the St. Petersburg plant, radio equipment was assembled and adjusted, and in some cases, the company’s specialists performed installation work ^[11] . But even after 1909, the situation did not change much, which is very thoroughly shown in the study of A. A. Glushchenko ^[12] . We can add to his arguments only the fact that, according to the Salamander insurance partnership, carried out in 1913, the cost of the machines and apparatus of the Wireless Telegraphy Division was only 1305 rubles, the trial wireless department was 690 rubles, and the assembly wireless telegraph workshop was 5000 rub. At the same time, for example, only the equipment of the plant’s office was estimated at 21,000 rubles. ^[13] . At the same time, it should be emphasized that the production of telegraph and telephone equipment at the Siemens and Halske enterprise gradually acquired an increasingly independent character, as evidenced, inter alia, by the significant number of personnel in the respective departments of the plant ^[14] .

Interwar years

Shortly before the 1917 revolution, Nikolay Grigoryevich Kozitsky (correctly Kazitsky), who was arrested in 1915 by the Tsarist secret police, returned to the factory from exile. He created a Bolshevik organization in the workshops, formed the Red Guard detachment, which in October 1917 took part in the uprising. In 1919, N. G. Kozitsky died at the hands of whites in Ukraine. And in 1922, the Petrograd Soviet decided to assign its name to the plant, and from that year the plant is included in the Electrotechnical Trust of low-current plants, where it is called the Petrograd Radio Hardware Plant named after Kazitsky. In 1920, V. I. Lenin, in a letter to M. A. Bonch-Bruevich, wrote the words that became famous that “a newspaper without paper and without distances” would be a great thing.

The Soviet state began to solve an important problem - the radioification of Russia. The Petrograd Telegraph Plant was commissioned to organize the production of radio broadcasting equipment, and soon the first radio receivers, Radiolina, appeared in stores. Since the beginning of the twenties, the enterprise has been reconstructed. New equipment appears in the shops, a laboratory is being created. The name of the plant also changed: after renaming Petrograd, it became the “Leningrad Telegraph Plant named after comrade Kazitsky ” ^[15] , and then“ Leningrad Radio-Hardware Plant named after Kazitsky ” ^{[16] [17] [18] [19] [20]} . They began to write the surname Kozitsky in the name of the plant much later ^[21] , the reasons for this confusion are unclear.

In close cooperation with the plant. Comintern in the 1920s, telegraph plant them. Kozitsky gradually changed his specialization in the production of radio equipment . The reprofiling of the enterprise was reflected in its new name, approved by order of the Supreme Economic Council of October 10, 1927 - Leningrad Radio Equipment Plant named after Kozitsky . At the factory to them. Kozitsky produced transceivers for powerful combined-arms radio stations, such as: ^[22]

• 4D (LES-1) - division headquarters,
• 3D (LES-2) - the headquarters of the corps,
• 23T (LUGA-2) - the headquarters of the cavalry division.

equipment for the radio station of the headquarters of the 1VF front (WAGON, CLASS), as well as equipment for letterpress reception, developed by the NIIP engineer P.N. Kuksenko and used in radio stations of the army headquarters 2D (LES-3) and the headquarters of the front 1VF (VAGON). ^[23] In addition, the plant completely took over the manufacture of aircraft radio stations, such as: ^[24]

• 15С (WHO-1) - transceiver for fighter aircraft,
• 15AC (WHO-2) - reception for fighter aircraft,
• 14C (WHO-3) - transceiver for short-range reconnaissance aircraft,
• 13C (WHO-4) - transceiver for long-range reconnaissance aircraft.

On March 1, 1928, by a letter from the Central Radio Laboratory to the Board of the Electrotechnical Trust of low-current factories, it was reported that “The Central Radio Laboratory was completed at the plant named after Kozitsky developing a model of a professional short-wave receiver PKB-6 to replace the old type PKB-3. ” Ship radio stations "Storm B" and "Storm B" were produced. The work was carried out under control and with technical guidance from the specialists of the plant named after The Comintern, as the parent enterprise for the development of a radio weapons system. All work was carried out exclusively on the specific instructions of the WMO Trust or the plant. The Comintern ^[25] .

The Great Patriotic War and the post-war period

In June 1941, the plant, like most enterprises of the People’s Commissariat of the electric industry, was evacuated to Omsk , where after the war the instrument-making factory also named after Kozitsky remained. In Leningrad, the factory still has a small team of workers and employees who, during the war and during the blockade, launched the production of North radio stations and mastered the repair of radio stations. In August 1942, the plant was awarded the banner of the State Defense Committee for providing the troops of the Leningrad Front with radio equipment. Since the spring of 1945, the factory has already been preparing for the production of mass receivers and televisions. Engineers Wojciechowicz, Zelenin, Andronnikov and Yakovlev developed a new radio, named after the city of Leningrad. Designer Mazikov led a group of specialists who created a mass television. The first was the "T-1 Leningrad", they were released only 100 copies. In 1947, serial production of the Urozhy U-1 radio stations for agriculture began. Since 1951, the factory has been developing and producing small-scale electronic and electronic-mechanical color TVs of various systems.

Since 1960, the plant has been declassified, and again referred to as the Kozitsky Leningrad Plant. In the spring of 1966, a new workshop was built to assemble the first domestic serial tube- transistor television sets “Evening” and “Waltz”, the pilot production of which has been established since 1965. In 1966, the plant builds a workshop for the production of the first domestic color television sets of the future famous brand "Rainbow", the first brands of which, "Rainbow-4" and "Rainbow-5" appeared on sale in the autumn of 1967.

Then the plant produces a transistor model "Rainbow-6". There are also new models of black and white televisions, “Ladoga”, “Ladoga-1” and “Quantum”. Since 1968, the plant was transformed into the Kozitsky LPO, then since 1970 into the Kozitsky PO. Since 1970, the production of the Ladoga-2 TV begins. All new televisions had a modern appearance, were produced in table and floor design.

The plant was modernized, increased capacity, production of several generations of Rainbow color televisions began, which were produced in million lots, including for export. In 1974, the plant was transformed into the Kozitsky LPTO, then to the Raduga Production Association, then to the Kozitsky Plant CJSC and, finally, to the Raduga PKG. But the nineties came, the USSR collapsed and like most industrial enterprises, the plant survived the same problems, chaos, impoverishment, bankruptcy, collapse into smaller enterprises, but survived and in the 21st century it produces modern color televisions under the well-known Raduga brand. In addition to the production of televisions and special equipment, scientific developments in the field of telecommunications are actively being conducted. Specialization of the plant, radio transmitting devices of various capacities used on ships, in coastal centers and in radio communication control systems, receiving devices for the merchant fleet, stationary and portable VHF radio stations for power structures of the country, for various purposes.

Modernity

The Kozitsky plant has been a closed joint stock company since 1993. The largest enterprise in the region for the production and maintenance of new generation televisions. The main television factory was in Okulovka, Novgorod Region. In the 1990s, the factory was reconstructed, and small-scale production and mass production workshops were created. Since 1999, the plant has been part of the Rainbow Industrial and Commercial Group, which unites a number of production and commercial companies, produces modern 6th generation televisions with a screen of 37, 51, 55 cm, has a company store and a service center.

Below is the list of products manufactured by the plant in specific categories: ^[26]

Civil Products

The main television factory was in Okulovka, Novgorod Region.

• household radios "Neva" ("Marshal-M", 1946-), "Neva-48", "Neva-51", "Neva-52", "Neva-55", "Leningrad" (1946-), "Leningrad -50";
• radiol Neva;
• Leningrad TVs T-1 (1947-49) - 100 pcs., T-2 (1950), T-3, T-6, Vanguard TL-1 (1953-), Vanguard-55 (1955 -) - more than 100 thousand pcs., “Banner” (1956-), “Banner-58” (received “Grand Prix” at the World Exhibition in Brussels “Expo-58”) ^[27] , “Union”, “ Wave "(ZK-56) (1963-)," Signal "(1963-)," Signal-2 "(1965-)," Mir "(1957-)," Neva "(1957-)," Dawn "( 1959-), “Dawn-2”, “Baltic” (1954-), “Aurora” (1967), “Evening” (1965-), “Waltz” (1965-), “Quantum” (1967-), “ Debut "(1965)," Horizon "(1967-)," Ladoga-1 "," Ladoga-1M "," Ladoga-2 "(1970-)," Ladoga-3 "," Ladoga-203 "," Ladoga -204 "," Ladoga-205 "," Ladoga-207 ", CT-1, CT-2, CT-3," Rainbow "(1954-)," Rainbow-4 "(CT-40) (1967-) , "Glad uga-5 "(CT-59)," Rainbow-6 "," Rainbow-701 "(1970)," Rainbow-703 "(1973-)," Rainbow-704 / D "(1976-)," Rainbow- 705 "," Rainbow-706 "," Rainbow-710 "," Rainbow-716 "(1976-)," Rainbow-719 "," Rainbow-726 "," Rainbow-730 "," Rainbow-731 "," Rainbow-734 ", Ts-259 (1984-), Ts-262, 61ТЦ-304, 61ТЦ-307, 61ТЦ-308, 51ТЦ-315 (1988-), 61ТЦ-316, 61ТЦ-317, 51ТЦ-480, 51ТЦ -504, 51TC-505, 54TC-6220, 51TC-6221, 37TC-6223, 37TC-6224, 37TC-6690 DVB-T, 20ZHKT-7510;
• Xoro HSD-20 CD players
• radios for the Cycloid civilian fleet;
• transmitters for civilian ships PSK / PSD-0.25 (1960);
• communication systems for civil courts "Monsoon", "Brig", "Corvette", "Bark";
• navigation and operational communications for the civil courts "Yorsh", "Blesna" (1961).

Military and dual-use products

• Sever radio stations (BOB), KB regimental R-13 (BOB), A-7A , A-7B (WWII), marine: Raid-I (WWII), R-607 (1940s); P-375 ; VYA-67 ; ed. 15E1213;
• marine transmitters R-641 , R-641D , R-641T (1950s), R-642 , R-643 , R-644 , R-645 , R-646 , R-647 (1940s), R- 657 (1950s), P-631 , P-632 (1970s);
• radio receivers R-675 "Onyx" (1956);
• pathogens "Wolfram", "Tantalum" (1950s);
• communication systems "Typhoon" for the cruiser " Kiev " (1970s), the automated complex "Buran" (1970s);
• communication equipment "Flame" (1970s);
• military communications control equipment "Barkhan", "Beads" (1970s).

• Omsk Instrument-Making Plant named after N. G. Kozitsky

• Krinov Yu. In the Name of the Bolshevik Kozitsky // Radio: Journal. - 1967. - No. 7 - S. 6-7.
• Tikhonov S.G. Defense enterprises of the USSR and Russia: in 2 vols . - M .: TOM, 2010 .-- T. 2 .-- 608 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-903603-03-9 .

• Official site
• Plant them. Kozitsky