Motol

Town Name

In documents of the past, the name of the village Motol is also found in the forms Motola, Motyl. The name is associated with the lake, on the shore of which the village is located, and is explained by Fin. matala - “shallow, shallow, low, shallow”, “shallow, shallow water”. ^[five]

Folk etymology gives three versions. The first thing that used to be at this place was the manor of a man named Motyl. According to the second, that on this place there were many butterflies. The third, that the settlement was located to the south, was looted and the surviving old grandfather Motlo remained, who advised laying a new village closer to the river.

BC

People appeared in the vicinity of Motol back in the Stone Age. Approximately 10,800-10,300 years ago, the territory was inhabited by the population of the witness culture. Almost all the tools of that time were made on plates, axes had an oval shape, end scrapers, cutters of various types, punctures, plates with a beveled retouching end.

In the 1960s, V.F. Isaenko, a senior researcher at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, began the most detailed work in Polesie. The researcher found in Polesie more than 300 monuments of different times , more than 20 of which are located in the Ivanovo district, near the villages of Opole , Upirovo , Motol , Tyshkovichi , Odryzhin . V.F. Isaenko in the Yaseldy basin, only in the vicinity of Motol, found 12 ancient monuments (a total of 28 are known) . Many of them in the 1980-1990s were investigated by A. G. Kalechits. The materials found are in the museum Our Roots ( Belor. Our Karani ) and the Brest Regional Museum of Local Lore. The finds belonged to Neman culture . At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, the local population began to use the first metal objects, first copper, then bronze. In the early Bronze Age in the west of Polesie there was a culture of cord ceramics. In the early Iron Age in the west of Polesie, the existence of a population of Pomeranian and Late-Puddle cultures was recorded. The Luzhitsky culture existed at the end of the Bronze and the beginning of the Iron Age among the tribes that lived on a vast territory from the Baltic to the Danube , from the Spree River to Volyn.

Here, in the vicinity of Motol, a settlement of the early Iron Age was revealed, objects of Milograd and Zarubinets culture were found.

To Motol at this place.

Initially, on the site of Motol was the village of Prokhov , which was probably burnt during the raids of the Mongol-Tatars . Then the restored settlement was part of the Turovo-Pinsk principality. In the 1320s, along with the Pinsk lands, it was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by the Grand Duke Gedemin.

First written mention

The first written mention of the village dates back to 1422 (behind Pan Dark 14 people in Motol), which is found in the acts of the Lithuanian metric.

XVI century

Until the beginning of the XVI century, Motol was part of the Pinsk principality, which was part of the Trok voivodship. Motol originally belonged to the princes of Pinsk Yaroslavich, Ivan Yaroslavich, and then his son Fedor. In 1520, the Pinsk Prince Fyodor Yaroslavich transferred the village of the Assumption Leshchinsky Church. But after the death of Fyodor Yaroslavich, the lands were inherited by King Sigismund I the Old, who gave them for life to his second wife, Bon Sforza. By 1554, there were five streets in Motol and one Orthodox church with two priests: Bogdan Polikarpovich and Bogdan Malishchich. The city howl was Stanislav Shinvalsky. Before the deadly death, both state and zemstvo peasants lived in Motol.

In 1554, Khvalchevsky, by order of Queen Bona, evicted the Zemstvo peasants on an island (on the other side of the Yaselda River, Golodok). In the same year, the village of Motol was renamed a place that was exempted from duties for two years, and its inhabitants received the status of bourgeois. The queen was several times in the town and in 1555 Motol received the right to self-government, and the inhabitants received privileges, which had to be confirmed each time to the new king. There is a legend that a palace was built for the queen in the town. Together with Bona Sforza, many merchants and artisans from Italy and Germany were relocated to Motol. In the middle of the 16th century, Motol became one of the centers of crafts and trade, and kirmashi are regularly held there. By 1566, the village of Pinsk consisted of 105 villages, 2 towns (including Motol) and one city, Pinsk. At this time, Motol enters the Druzhilov war. Motol is developing rapidly and by the end of the 16th century there were 8 streets (Staro-Beresteyskaya, Glushetskaya, Spasskaya, Pinskaya, Minskaya, Osovnitskaya, Novo-Beresteyskaya and Mlynovaya) and 178 estates.

During the second revision in 1564, there were already four Orthodox churches in Motol: Spasskaya, Prechistenskaya, Petrovskaya and Voskresenskaya. In Motol there was a large market, 1 morgue and 2.5 rods of land were allocated for it. The boundaries of the market were: on the south side, Staro-Beresteyskaya Street, the continuation of which was Pinskaya Street; on the north side of the Pilina and Yaselda rivers; on the western side is the Orthodox Church and on the eastern side the Vasiliev Apiary was the border of the market.

XVIII century

In 1706, a detachment of Swedes entered the village, burned the place and killed the majority of the population.

November 28, 1746 the Polish king Augustus III confirms the privileges of the town.

XIX century

Since 1798, Motol has the status of folklore , and since 1801 it has been a volost center and a state estate. On November 26, 1802, the town of Motol was transferred to a lifetime possession without payment to the treasury of the quart by the French princess de Broglie-Revel. In 1803, an inventory is drawn up to record property and establish new taxation. According to the inventory in 1803, the streets had the following names:

• Pinskaya
• Brest
• Spasskaya
• Staromlynskaya
• Novobrest
• Glushetskaya

In the center of the market stood the Uniate Church of the Transfiguration, near it was a bell tower. The church and bell tower were covered with shingle and fenced with a new wooden fence. Some of the houses surrounding the market belonged to Jews. Their houses had brick chimneys. Behind the houses was an old Jewish school, and not far from the school was a Jewish cemetery. Behind the cemetery was a distillery and shinok, which belonged to the Jews. Not far from the church were two Jewish shops, as well as small houses in which the gentry lived. All houses had wooden plank fences, and only some had fences of poles. In separate low places, channels were dug up, shafts poured and bridges made. There were two mills on the banks of the Yaseldy River.

In 1803, 708 common people lived in the town of Motol, 299 of them were men and 327 were women. Jews also lived here. In the indicated year, 63 Jews lived in the town. The first in the inventory of the town of Motol are the gentry. In 1803, the gentry in Motol lived 6 people (4 men and 2 women):

• Tomas Bobrovsky - 50 years old
• Marina Bobrovskaya - 30 years old
• Lukeria Ivashichenkova - 56 years old
• Mateusz Ivashichenkov - 12 years old
• Ivan Novitsky - 54 years old

In 1812, the place was devastated by French troops. The French princess de Broglie-Revel owned the town of Motol until the end of 1827, and on December 30, 1827, the Department of State Property of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire sent a royal decree to the Grodno Treasury Chamber on the adoption of the town of Motol in the government department on April 12, 1828. By his decree, the emperor Nicholas eliminated the ownership of the town of Motol by the French princess de Broglie-Revel.

On January 27, 1828, the emperor signed another decree “On the award to the commander of the 1st brigade of the 25th infantry division, Major General Broiko in the Grodno province, a place called Motol for 12 years . ” In 1864, Motol was badly damaged by the fire that arose during the suppression of the uprising of 1863-1864, it arose in the Jewish quarter, then almost all the buildings were destroyed. The authorities allocated money for restoration, but they went to the construction of the Transfiguration Church , which was built in 1877.

According to the church book of 1871, there were 274 courtyards in Motol and 2,249 people. In 1886 there were 31 volosts in the Kobrin district, including Odrizhinsky, Osovnitskaya, Vorotsevichi, Druzhilov, Ivanovo, Motolskaya and Opole.

Three sections of the Commonwealth

In the future, Motol during the 3rd section of the Commonwealth becomes part of the Russian Empire. During the uprising of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, one of the most active participants was Mikhail Kleofas Oginsky, and the Vilnius governor, the great hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Mikhail Kazimir Oginsky, owned the Motol sessions. Both of them were from the family of the Oginsky princes, whose possessions were confiscated and given to the new owners loyal to the Russian autocrats. In 1795, the place is part of Slonim, then Lithuania, and since 1801, the Grodno province of the Russian Empire.

XX century

1905 - unrest in the village, property of landowners of the neighboring villages of Jurgenson and Kolodnoy was damaged. In 1913, the production of tiles and concrete rings was launched. September 1915 - part of the population was evacuated. Soldiers of both sides who died in battle are buried near the church. Motol is occupied by German troops. In February 1919, Polish troops came to the village, but in July 1920 the Red Army took it and established Soviet power, the Motolsky volost Council of peasant deputies was formed. But already in March 1921, under the terms of the Riga Treaty, Motol again became part of Poland, included in the Drogichin district of the Polesskie Voivodeship.

On September 18, 1939, a protest against the Polish authorities takes place in Motola, and on September 21, units of the Red Army enter the village. Soviet power is being established, a village council is being formed.

On June 26, 1941, German cavalry entered Motol, and Nazi power was established. Locals form partisan units. On August 1 of that year, SS men appeared in the village. They destroy the entire Jewish population, all communists and burn part of Motol. On June 20, 1943, SS men reappear in the village with the goal of taking residents to work in Germany, but strong partisan detachments again clean the area. From March 28 to April 4, 1944, fights between German units and partisan detachments took place in the vicinity of Motol, which ended in the defeat of the partisans. On April 6, the Nazis occupy the village, they destroy almost the entire remaining population and burn Motol. On July 16, 1944, the village was liberated by the 55th Guards Rifle Division of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General Turchinsky. The Motolsky village council was formed; on August 7, 1949, a collective farm was created in the village. In August 1950, the collective farm “40 years of October” was created on the basis of the collective farm and fishing cooperative named after September 17.

Location

Motol is located in the center of Polesie , in the northern part of the Zagorodye plain. The relief of the territory on which Motol lies is even, slightly lowering to the Yaseldy floodplain. The highest point is in the south of the village - Zhadova Gora. The Yaselda River flows through the northern outskirts of Motol, which flows through Lake Motol , which in turn is connected to Lake Zaozersky.

The landscapes around the agro-town are mainly man-made - agricultural land. Quite a lot of forest plantations, mainly pine forests. There are small ponds, the largest of them is Vidmenets . Two streams flow through Motol - Struga and Pilina .

Administrative division

Administratively Motol is divided into 10 sections. The historical division into districts - Misto, Luka, Korzhysk, Turubel, Murogyatnitsa, Vygon, Potysche, Kalylska - formed from street names, as well as Zazirye, Dydyvychy and Pantsi, which were previously separate villages of Zaozerye, also remains relevant among older generations of residents. , Dedovichi and Pantsevichi. In 1954, they were included in the Motol, and in this regard, in the same year, Motol was deprived of the status of an urban village.

Strength

• XVIII century : 1798 - 617 people.
• XIX century : 2294 people
• XX century : 1921 - 4390 people. ^[6] ; 1940 - 4275 people (according to other sources - 5550 people); 1979 - 5264 people 1997 - 4441 people. (according to other sources - 4684 chal.)
• XXI century : 2005 - 4228 people; 2009 - 4079; 2010 - 3998 people; 2014 - 3,772 people

Denominations

The most common denomination on the territory of Motol is Orthodox Christianity . There are also single Catholics . Motol has a house of worship , which indicates the presence of the Baptists . In addition to all of the listed denominations, there are atheists in the agro-town.

Ethnicity

Some indigenous motolans themselves, without suspecting it, are descendants of Poleshuk .

During the reign of Bona Sforza , many European masters were invited to the territory of Motol, which contributed to the emergence of European ethnic groups, such as Italians , Germans .

The Poles came to the territory of Motol during the uprisings of the middle of the XIX century and assimilated and adopted the local way of life and culture. The second significant wave came at a time when the Brest region was part of Poland . Polonization policy allowed through Polish schools and military service to impose their culture, language. For this, experts from central Poland were sent. In connection with the events of September 1939 and World War II, they were forced to leave.

Before World War II, half the population was Jews. Among them were prominent natives such as Chaim Weizmann . During World War II, Jews were shot.

The main enterprise of the agro-town is JSC Agro-Motol .

In the agro-town there are 2 general Belarusian-speaking schools and one art school.

Cultural institutions are represented by the house of culture, a club, a cinema (currently not working) and two libraries.

The Motolsky Museum of Folk Art was opened in August 1995. The museum fund has 27,506 exhibits, 8 exposition halls are decorated: exhibition, history, crafts, weaving, clothing, ceremonies, and folk traditions. The museum includes a windmill, which houses a bread museum. In 2016, the museum had 18.6 thousand museum items of the main fund. Over the year, 10.5 thousand people visited the museum ^[7] .

Since 2012, the branch of archeology “Our Karani” has been operating in the building of the communications department. The author of the museum’s scientific concept is the famous Belarusian archaeologist Elena Gennadyevna Kalechits, who devoted more than 25 years to research in the region.

On the territory of Motolskaya school № 1 there is a museum dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.

In Motol the annual festival “Motolskiy pysmaki” is held.

• Transfiguration Church 1888
• Borisoglebskaya Chapel 1986
• House of the First President of Israel H. Weizmann (wood)
• Jewish cemetery restored in 2004
• a monument to the villagers who died during the Second World War.
• Monument to the unknown soldier (in the cemetery).
• stone monument to the fallen soldiers of the First World War (in the church, southeastern part).
• archaeological sites of the Bronze and Stone Age.

• Ghetto in Motol
• Motolsky Village Council

• Website about Motol
• How can Motalsky Proskmak gain the fame of Oktoberfest ?
• Half a century of the history of the Belarusian village was documented by a photographer from Motol on the TUT.BY website
• Bulletin of Brest University Series 2 No. 1 of 2013