Shetland Islands , Shetland Islands ( English Shetland Islands , Gaelic. Sealtainn ) - an archipelago in the north-east of Scotland .
Shetland | |
| Geography | |
| A country | United Kingdom |
| Region | Scotland |
| Adm. center | Lerwick |
| Area | 1471 km² (12th place) |
| ISO 3166 Code | GB-ZET |
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| Demography | |
| Population ( 2011 ) | 23,200 people (31st place) |
| • density | 15.77 people / km² |
| District Council Site | |
The total area is 1471 km², of which 967 km² falls on Main Island, Mainland . It houses the administrative center and the largest settlement - Lerwick and the second largest settlement of Skallovey .
The islands comprise one of Shetland 's 32 constituencies in Scotland , as well as the Shetland constituency for elections to the Scottish Parliament .
Content
- 1 Geography
- 1.1 Islands
- 1.2 Climate
- 1.3 Coastline
- 1.4 Terrain
- 1.5 Bodies of Water
- 1.6 Flora and fauna
- 1.7 Nature conservation
- 2 History
- 2.1 Early history
- 2.2 Norwegian colonization
- 2.3 Scottish-Norwegian war and the transition to Scotland
- 2.4 The Hansa Era
- 2.5 Napoleonic Wars
- 2.6 World War II
- 2.7 Shetland today
- 2.8 Chronological table
- 3 population
- 3.1 Settlements
- 4 Economics
- 4.1 Oil and gas complex
- 4.2 Energy
- 4.3 Fishing industry
- 4.4 Food Industry
- 4.5 Traditional fishing
- 5 Transport and communications
- 5.1 Airports
- 5.2 Ferries
- 5.3 Roads
- 5.4 Communication
- 5.5 Lighthouses
- 5.6 Media
- 6 Politics and power
- 6.1 International Relations
- 6.2 Symbols
- 6.3 Rescue services
- 6.4 Health
- 7 Education
- 8 Culture
- 8.1 Museums
- 8.2 Music
- 8.3 Islands in the cinema
- 8.4 Islands in the literature
- 9 Sports
- 10 Religion
- 11 Attractions
- 12 Other
- 13 See also
- 14 Notes
- 15 Literature
- 16 Links
Geography
The Shetland Islands are located in the northern part of the British Isles archipelago , on the border of the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , 150 km northeast of the Orkney Islands , 270 km southeast of the Faroe Islands and 300 km west of Norway . The 60th parallel of north latitude passes through the southern part of the archipelago.
Islands
Out of more than a hundred islands, sixteen are inhabited - Anst , Bressey , Bruray , Veil , East Burra , Yell , Macle Roe , Mainland , Papa Stour , Trondra , Walsi , West Burra , Fetlar , Fula , Fair Isle and Husey .
Climate
The climate on the Shetlands is subarctic marine, temperate due to the influence of the warm waters of the Atlantic. Water temperature is from 5 ° C in March to 13-14 ° C at the end of August. However, summers are cool and rarely temperatures exceed 21 ° C. The average monthly temperature record was set in August 1947 - 17.2 ° C. However, in the summer of 2008, temperatures over 20 ° C were repeatedly recorded.
In general, the climate is cloudy and humid with precipitation (more than 1 mm) for 200 days a year. In Lerwick, annual precipitation averages 1238 mm, with a peak in November and December, when it falls to a quarter of the annual norm. The minimum rainfall occurs from April to August, although never monthly precipitation is less than 50 mm. Snowfall is possible at any time from July to early June, although usually snow does not lie more than a day. Fog is possible in the summer on most of the islands, due to the cooling of the south winds by the sea.
The northern position of the islands provides a large change in the length of daylight hours during the year - from 3 hours 45 minutes. during the winter solstice to 23 hours during the summer, with twilight the rest of the day. However, the climate humidity ensures the prevalence of cloudy weather constantly, therefore, the number of light hours reaches only 1065, that is, 25% of the total daytime [1] .
| The average maximum of the coldest month | 4.9 ° C (February) |
| The average maximum of the warmest month | 12.5 ° C (August) |
| Days with frost | 33 days |
| Annual rainfall | 1284 mm |
| Snow days | 60 days |
| Number of rainy days | 285 days |
| Climate Samboro : | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | Jan | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Absolute maximum, ° C | 9 | 8 | 10 | eleven | 13 | fifteen | 17 | 17 | fifteen | 13 | eleven | 10 | 17 |
| Average maximum, ° C | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | eleven | 13 | fourteen | fourteen | 13 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 9.75 |
| Average temperature, ° C | 5 | 4,5 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 9 | eleven | 12.5 | 12.5 | eleven | 8.5 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 8.1 |
| Average minimum ° C | four | 3 | four | 5 | 7 | 9 | eleven | eleven | 9 | 7 | 5 | four | 6.6 |
| Absolute minimum, ° C | 0 | −1 | 0 | one | 3 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 3 | one | −1 | −1 |
| Precipitation rate, mm | 133 | 95 | 132 | 88 | 70 | 61 | 70 | 83 | 128 | 155 | 127 | 142 | 1284 |
| Source: (Average monthly temperature, the lowest and highest temperatures that can be annually in a month and average maximum and minimum.) , Precipitation | |||||||||||||
Coastline
The shores of the islands are indented by deep gorges called by the locals “voes”. These bays are reminiscent of the Norwegian fjords. Sallom Vaughn Bay is deeply cut into the north coast of the Isle of Manland , and the wide bay of St. Magnus is into the west coast.
Landscape
The Shetland Islands are characterized by bare hilly plains and plateaus (up to 450 meters high). There are practically no trees on the islands, since they are not able to withstand constantly blowing winds. The landscape is created by hills and pastures, overgrown with low hard grass.
Hills in the UK with a relative height of more than 150 meters are called Marilyn [2] . The following are located on the Shetland Islands.
| Elevation | Height (m) | GeoHack Link | Main hill | Isle |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ronas Hill | 450 | HU305835 | no | Mainland |
| Snag | 418 | HT947395 | no | Fula |
| Royal Field | 293 | HU396285 | Ronas Hill | Mainland |
| Saxa Word | 284 | HP631167 | no | Anst |
| Fitful Head | 283 | HU346135 | Royal Field | Mainland |
| Scalla Field | 281 | HU389572 | Royal Field | Mainland |
| Sandness hill | 249 | HU191557 | Scalla Field | Mainland |
| Ward of bressay | 226 | HU502387 | no | Bressey |
| Ward hill | 217 | HZ208734 | no | Fair Isle |
| Hill of arisdale | 210 | HU495842 | no | Yell |
| Dayscord hill | 252 | HU393684 | Scalla Field | Mainland |
| Valla Field | 216 | HP584078 | Saxa ward | Anst |
| Noss head | 181 | HU553399 | no | Noss |
| Knope | 248 | HT954375 | Snag | Fula |
| Spray field | 216 | HU417361 | Royal Field | Mainland |
| Mid ward | 172 | HU320652 | no | Mcle roe |
| Ward of Scosborough | 263 | HU388188 | Royal Field | Mainland |
| Ward hill | 159 | HU622935 | no | Fetlar |
| White Grunafert | 173 | HU275807 | Ronas Hill | Mainland |
Ponds
Lakes and reservoirs:
Anst :
- Loch of cliff
- Loch of watley
Yell :
- Glossa Water
Mainland :
- Loch of brow
- Loch of Gerlst
- Loch of Klickimin
- Loch of Spiggy
- Loch of Tingwall
Walsey :
- Loch of Isbister
- Loch of hackster
- Loch of Hull .
Flora and Fauna
Common for the islands are blue molinia ( Molinia caerulea ) and arthropod arthropod ( Juncus articulatus ), false-iris ( Iris pseudacorus ) is found. In deep valleys along rivers and streams grow birch, mountain ash and aspen. In spring, spring primrose ( Primula veris ) blooms on islets of grass.
The Shetland Islands rose from the bottom of the sea at the end of the last ice age. Therefore, mammals living in Europe could not get here. The only mammals of these places - domestic sheep, hares, wild rabbits, hedgehogs, weasels and house mice - appeared on these islands at a later time. The local gray voles are genetically almost identical to the Norwegian populations, so it can be assumed that they sailed to the islands on Viking ships. Herds of long snouts and harbor seals have long been visiting the coast to rest on deserted shores and give birth to offspring. On the Shetland Islands, otters are quite common, they stay on the coast.
Shetland Islands are considered the birthplace of the Sheltie dog breed . In the past, this small dog was used to manage and protect herds of sheep.
Shetland pony - one of the smallest representatives of the pony , used for riding and many other purposes.
The Shetland Islands are world famous for their bird markets. Due to the favorable position of the islands near the Gulf Stream , a large number of birds can feed here. The warm current brings many nutrients to the Shetland Islands, which feed on plankton , which is the food of many species of fish. Fish is the main food of seabirds and mammals. The next advantage of these islands is the high cliffs, stretching along the entire coast. Many arctic birds nest on rocky ledges and shelves, for example, large and short-tailed skuas . Fetlar Island is the only place in the UK where a polar owl used to nest. Several nests were found in the 60s and 70s of the XX century. Grass and moss on the tops of the cliffs are an ideal place for nesting puffins and skuas.
Nature Conservation
On the islands of the archipelago, wildlife sanctuaries are organized in which some species of seabirds are protected [3] . On the island of Fair Isle, in the eponymous reserve under the protection of the endemic subspecies of the wren Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensis [4] .
An ornithological observatory was built on the island of Fair Isle to observe bird migration [5]
History
Early History
The Shetlands were settled as early as 1500 BC. e. The first settlers engaged in farming and cattle maintenance. In those days, the climate was colder and people preferred coastal areas. In the era of the Iron Age, many stone fortresses were built, the ruins of which have survived to this day. About 297 g. e. The Shetlands became part of the Kingdom of the Picts , along with most of Northern Scotland. They were later conquered by the Vikings . The stone buildings of all these periods, starting from the Neolithic , due to their use, are well preserved on the almost treeless Shetlands, although not as good as in the neighboring Orkney . Artifacts of all periods have been preserved and are available at the museum in Lerwick.
Norwegian Colonization
In the IX century, the Vikings moved from robberies to colonization. If the Norwegians preferred the northern territories, less populated, then the Danes preferred the densely populated England and France , and the Swedes went east. The Shetlands were colonized by the Norwegians, who brought to the islands their language - the West Norwegian Norn - and laws. Norn existed as colloquial speech until the 19th century .
In general, the fate of the local population who inhabited the archipelago before the arrival of the Norwegians remains unclear at the moment. Until the 90s of the XX century, it was believed that inhabited in the IX century A.D. The Shetland and Orkney Islands picts were completely destroyed by the Vikings, and in a relatively short time. This assumption was based on the fact that both groups of islands lack non-Scandinavian toponymy. However, in the early 90s of the 20th century, one of the first Scandinavian settlements, excavated at the site of the settlement of local residents, was excavated on the Orkney Islands. In the archaeological layer dating back to the second half of the 9th century, along with the Scandinavian artifacts, Picts artifacts were discovered, and the nature of the finds indicated their use as familiar household items. These findings cast doubt on the total extermination of local residents in the Orkney Islands; the settlement was multi-ethnic. At the same time, no similar evidence indicating violent assimilation of the autochthons of the Shetland Islands has yet been found.
After Harald I the Fair-haired established his authority in Norway, many of his opponents fled, including to Orkney and Shetland, which became their base for the ongoing raids on Scotland and Norway. This prompted Harald in 875 to assemble a fleet and take control of the islands. Rognvald Einsteinsson received Orkney and Shetland from the king as compensation for his son, who died in Scotland. Rengwald founded the county of Orkney and gave it to his brother, Sigurd .
In the X century, the Shetlands were Christianized.
In 1194 , when Sverrir Sigurdsson (c. 1145 - 1202 ) ruled Norway, the earl of Orkney and Shetland was Harald Maddadsson . Lendrmann Halkyell Jonsson and his brother-in-law Olaf gathered an army in Orkney and sailed to Norway. With them as a contender was the young adopted son of Olaf Sigurd, the son of King Magnus Erlingsson. At the Battle of Florvag, not far from Bergen , they were defeated, and Sigurd's body was delivered to the king in Bergen, so that he could be sure of his death. However, Sverrir also demanded a report from Harald Maddadsson, in whose territory the uprising was raised. In 1195, he left for Bergen to receive the royal court. In punishment, the king established direct rule on the Shetlands, which was no longer interrupted.
Scottish-Norwegian War and the Transition to Scotland
When Alexander III was twenty-one in Scotland in 1262 , he returned to the aggressive policies toward the western and northern islands that his father had pursued before his death 13 years earlier. He presented formal claims to the islands to the Norwegian king Haakon Haakonson . By then, Norway was regaining its military and economic power after the end of the civil war. Haakon rejected the claims of the Scots, since Norway considered all the islands of the North Sea as part of the kingdom. The Norwegians gathered Leidang (militia) and a large fleet and went to Shetland, hoping that the Scots would not persist in negotiations at the sight of Norwegian military power. Norwegian forces first landed on the islands in the place of Braiderjasund (possibly now Bressei ), and then headed to Arran .
Alexander III delayed negotiations, waiting for the onset of autumn storms. Haakon lost his patience and had already decided to attack when a strong storm destroyed several of his ships and forced the rest to move offshore. The battle of Largs in October 1263 did not reveal a winner, both sides declared victory, but Haakon's position was hopeless. On October 5, he returned with a demoralized army to Orkney, where he died of a fever on December 17 of that year. His death put an end to Norwegian expansion in Scotland.
Magnus VI Lagabete did not continue the policy of his father and began negotiations with Alexander III. At the conclusion of the Perth Treaty, he surrendered the most distant Norwegian possessions - Maine and Sudreyar ( Hebrides ) in exchange for a lump sum payment of 4,000 marks and annual payments of 100 marks. The Scots also recognized Norwegian sovereignty over Orkney and the Shetlands.
One of the main reasons for the Norwegians' desire for peace was the desire to normalize trade with England . The trade agreement between Norway and England of 1223 required the maintenance of peace between Norway and Scotland. In 1269, the agreement was expanded to include free mutual trade.
In the fourteenth century, Norway still regarded the Orkneys and Shetlands as their territory, but Scottish influence grew. In 1379, during the reign of Haakon VI in Norway, Henry Sinclair took control of Orkney. In 1347, Norway suffered from Black Death and in 1397 entered the Kalmar Union with Denmark. Danish influence in Norway was increasing. King of Denmark Christian I was in financial difficulties, his daughter Margaret was engaged to Jacob III of Scotland in 1468 and he needed funds for a dowry. Apparently, not informing the riksrod , Christian entered into an agreement on September 8, 1468 on the laying of Orkney for the Scots for 50 thousand guilders , and on May 28 of the next year for the Shetlands for 8 thousand. He left a clause in the contract on the possibility of redeeming the islands for a fixed amount of 210 kg of gold or 2310 kg of silver. Several attempts were made in the XVII - XVIII centuries , but to no avail. After a legal dispute with William, Earl of Morton, who held possession in Orkney and Shetland, Charles II ratified the Act of Parliament of December 27, 1669 , which proclaimed the island a crown land . In 1742, Parliament returned the land to the Morton family, despite the fact that the previous Act declared any subsequent act to change the status of the islands "empty and invalid."
Hansa Era
Napoleonic Wars
World War II
During the Second World War, the Shetland Bus organization functioned on the islands, part of Norway ’s organized resistance to Nazi occupation . Members of the organization brought refugees from Norway on fishing vessels and sent back resistance fighters and ammunition. This organization is dedicated to a small exposition in the Museum of Scallove; a monument has been erected [6] .
Shetlands today
In 1993, the MV Braer tanker crashed off the southern coast of Mainland Island, resulting in an oil leak of 84,700 tons.
Chronological table
Population
On the islands of the archipelago live about twenty thousand people.
Settlements
The largest settlements of the archipelago are Lerwick (9 thousand people) and Skallovey (more than 800 people).
Settlements:
Anst :
Yell :
| Mainland :
|
| Walsey :
West Burra :
|
Economics
The island’s economy is based on offshore oil production and fishing.
Oil and gas complex
Through a system of pipelines and tankers, oil and natural gas from the fields of the North Sea ( Brent and others) and the North Atlantic enter the Sallom-Vo oil terminal . Oil is loaded into tankers in the port of the terminal for further transportation [7] .
Энергетика
В центре острова Мейнленд идёт строительство ветряной электростанции « Viking Wind Farm », 103 турбины. Электростанцию планируется построить к 2018 году [8] [9] .
Рыболовная промышленность
В гаванях Шетландских островов обслуживаются суда рыболовного флота [10] .
На острове Брессей работает фабрика по производству рыбной муки и является основным работодателем на острове [11] .
Кадры для рыболовной промышленности готовят в колледже «North Atlantic Fisheries College Marine Centre», расположенном в Скалловее [12] .
Пищевая промышленность
На острове Анст работает пивоварня « Valhalla Brewery » [13]
Традиционный промысел
Шетландский остров Фэр-Айл знаменит своими вязаными джемперами, составлявшими в прошлом основной доход для женского населения. По имени острова получила название техника вязания Фэр-Айл .
Транспорт и связь
Аэропорты
Аэропорты — Самборо , Скатста и Тингуолл .
Из аэропортов архипелага совершаются рейсы вертолётов на нефтяные платформы в Северном море. Одним из таких вертолётов был « Boeing CH-47 Chinook » компании « British International Helicopters », который, возвращаясь с платформы месторождения Брент 6 ноября 1986 года , после взрыва рухнул в море в четырёх километрах к востоку от аэропорта Самборо. 43 человека погибло, двое были спасены вертолётом береговой охраны [14] .
Паромы
Паромы компании « NorthLink Ferries » связывают Леруик с Абердином в основной части Шотландии и Керкуоллом на Оркнейских островах [15] .
Внутри архипелага острова связаны между собой паромами компаний « Shetland Islands Council Ferries » [16] и « BK Marine » [17] :
- Гатчер , остров Йелл — Белмонт , остров Анст — Хамарс-Несс , остров Фетлар .
- Тофт — Улста , остров Йелл .
- Видлин — группа островов Аут-Скеррис .
- Видлин — Симбистер , остров Уолси .
- Лаксо — Симбистер , остров Уолси .
- Уэст-Берраферт — остров Папа-Стур .
- Уолс — остров Фула .
- Леруик — группа островов Аут-Скеррис .
- Леруик — остров Брессей .
- Леруик — остров Фэр-Айл .
- Грутнесс — остров Фэр-Айл .
Автодороги
Автодорога « A970 » пересекает остров Мейнленд в направлении с севера на юг от деревни Норт-Ро до аэропорта Самборо . От деревни Хиллсайд в северной части острова Мейнленд в деревню Тофт и через две паромные переправы на острова Йелл и Анст ведёт дорога « A968 ».
Связь
Шетландские острова составляют почтовый район, которому соответствует почтовый индекс «ZE» [18] .
Через Сэндуик в южной части острова Мейнленд проходит кабель связи « SHEFA-2 », связывающий Фарерские острова и материковую часть Шотландии [19] .
Маяки
На островах архипелага построены маяки, входящие в систему маяков Northern Lighthouse Board [20] .
Средства массовой информации
Работают радиостанции « Shetland Islands Broadcasting Company » [21] и « BBC Radio Shetland », местное отделение « BBC Scotland » [22] . В наиболее возвышенном месте острова Брессей на горе Брессей-Уорд построены семидесятиметровые стальные вышки станции « Bressay transmitting station », предназначенные для передачи телевизионного и радио сигналов и видимые с большей части Шетландских островов. Радиостанция « Shetland Islands Broadcasting Company » имеет на острове свой основной передатчик [23]
Компания « The Shetland Times Ltd », образованная в 1872 году , выпускает еженедельник « The Shetland Times » и другую печатную продукцию. В штате компании 55 сотрудников [24] .
Политика и власть
При выборах в Европейский парламент Шетландские острова входят в избирательный округ, совпадающий с границами Шотландии. В выборах, прошедших в 2009 году, Шотландия направила в парламент 6 представителей: двух от Шотландской национальной партии , двух лейбористов, одного либерального демократа и одного консерватора [25] .
Оркнейские и Шетландские острова объединены в один избирательный округ « Оркни-энд-Шетланд » при выборах в Палату общин Великобритании . В третий раз подряд, начиная с выборов 2001 года, жители островов избирают кандидата от либерально-демократической партии Алистера Кармайкла [26] .
Жители Шетландских островов участвуют в выборах в Парламент Шотландии . В 2011 году в одномандатном округе « Шетланд » в четвёртый раз подряд c 1999 года был избран кандидат от Либерально-демократической партии Шотландии Тэвиш Скотт [27] . В многомандатном округе «Хайленд и Острова», куда входят Шетландские острова, победу одержали три кандидата от Шотландской национальной партии , двое от Лейбористской партии Шотландии и двое от Консервативной-Юнионистской партии [28] .
Совет Шетландских островов состоит из 22 депутатов, избранных в 7 многомандатных избирательных округах [29] :
- «Леруик, Север» — 3 депутата
- «Леруик, Юг» — 4 депутата
- «Северные острова» — 3 депутата
- «Шетландские острова, Запад» — 3 депутата
- «Шетландские острова, Север» — 3 депутата
- «Шетландские острова, Центр» — 3 депутата
- «Шетландские острова, Юг» — 3 депутата
18 приходских советов осуществляют власть на местах [30] :
|
|
Британский монарх назначает на острова своего личного представителя — Лорд-лейтенанта Шетландских островов , исполняющего в основном церемониальные функции и не играющего большой роли в местном самоуправлении, с 1994 года в этой роли выступает Джон Гамильтон Скотт.
Международные отношения
В Леруике открыты консульства Германии [31] , Исландии [32] , Норвегии [33] , Финляндии [34] и Швеции [35] .
Symbols
Флаг Шетландских островов представляет собой белый скандинавский крест на голубом фоне. Флаг был разработан в 1969 году .
Спасательные службы
Пожарно-спасательные станции Шетландских островов относятся к отделению «Норт» пожарно-спасательной службы Шотландии [36] .
Поисково-спасательный вертолёт «Sikorsky S61N» компании « Bristow Helicopters » базируется в аэропорту Самборо и используется береговой охраной в её операциях [37] [38] . Поисково-спасательные вертолёты компании « Bond Aviation Group » используют аэропорт в качестве базы для операций в Северном море [39] .
Health
Охрана здоровья возложена на службу « National Health Service Shetland », в ведении которой находится госпиталь « Gilbert Bain Hospital » [40] .
Education
В Леруике работает колледж « Shetland College » [41] , в Скалловее — морской колледж «North Atlantic Fisheries College Marine Centre», оба входят в систему колледжей университета « University of the Highlands and Islands » [12] .
Culture
Ежегодно на островах проходит фестиваль « Up Helly Aa ». В традиции фестиваля факельное шествие и сжигание ладьи [42] .
Музеи
В Леруике работает « Музей Шетландских островов », экспозиция которого посвящена местной истории, географии, культуре, экономике и прочему [43] . В деревне Барраво на острове Йелл работает музей местной истории Олд-Хаа [44] .
Music
В музыке Шетландских островов существует своя традиция игры на народной скрипке . Исполнители участвуют в фестивалях и конкурсах [45] .
Острова в кино
В 1937 году английский режиссёр Майкл Пауэлл снял фильм « Край света » — основанную на реальных событиях драму о последних тридцати шести поселенцах островов Сент-Килда , расположенных в Атлантическом океане на западе Внешних Гебридских островов . Жители острова — носители гэльского языка. Пауэллу не удалось получить разрешение на съёмки на Сент-Килде, поэтому ему пришлось снимать фильм на Фуле , острове Шетлендского архипелага. Также на островах проходили съёмки других фильмов:
- ( 1934 ) The Rugged Island: A Shetland Lyric ,
- ( 1978 ) Return To The Edge Of The World — документальная история о съёмках фильма «Край света»,
- ( 2003 ) Devil's Gate ,
- ( 2013 ) Шетланд — детективный телесериал по мотивам книг Энн Кливс.
Острова в литературе
- Вальтер Скотт роман «Пират»
- роман «Жертвоприношение» ( англ. Sacrifice )
- серия детективных романов «Шетландские острова», в т.ч. роман « ».
Sport
Шетландские острова являются одними из основателей Островных Игр в 1985 году [46] . Островные игры 2005 проходили на Шетландских островах [47] . Сборная Шетландских островов по футболу стала победителем соответствующего соревнования в 2005 году [48] .
Religion
Шетландские острова входят в епархию « Абердин-энд-Оркни » Шотландской епископальной церкви [49] и в Епархию Абердина Римско-Католической Церкви [50] .
Attractions
- Комплекс доисторических памятников « Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof: the Zenith of Iron Age Shetland » включает в себя Ярлсхоф , Брох-оф-Моуса и Олд-Скатнесс , является кандидатом на включение в список всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО [51] .
- Замок Мунесс на острове Анст построен в конце XVI века Лоренсом Брюсом, единоутробным братом Роберта Стюарта, 1-го графа Оркнейского . В 1971 году замок и окружающая его каменная изгородь были включены в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [52]
- Замок Скалловей построен в 1600 году Патриком Стюартом, 2-м графом Оркнейским в деревне Скалловей . В 1971 году включён в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [53] .
- Форт Шарлотт в Леруике построен в 1665—1667 годах Робертом Милном во время Второй англо-голландской войны . В 1971 году включён в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [54] .
- Усадьба « Норт-Хаа » на острове Йелл XVII века постройки. В 1971 году усадьба и окружающие её постройки включены в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [55] .
- Гарди-Хаус — загородная усадьба на острове Брессей , построена в 1724 году . В 1971 году включена в список памятников архитектуры категории «A» [56] .
- Олд-Хаа-оф-Скалловей — усадьба в Скалловее 1750 года постройки. В 1974 году включена в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [57] .
- Хаа-оф-Сэнд — усадьба в деревне Сэнд 1754 года постройки. В 1971 году включена в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [58] .
- Усадьба « Белмонт Хаус » построена в 1775—1777 годах в юго-западной части острова Анст . До середины XX века служила резиденцией семье Муат. В 1971 году включена в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [59] , в 2003 году в список памятников садово-паркового искусства [60] . В настоящее время используется в коммерческих целях [61] .
- Лодберри — группа жилых и коммерческих помещений на берегу бухты в Леруике , построена в конце XVIII века. В 1971 году включена в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [62] .
- Маяк на мысе Самборо-Хед в южной части острова построен в 1821 году инженером Робертом Стивенсоном. В 1977 году маяк и окружающие его постройки включёны в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [63] .
- Бро-Лодж — усадьба в виде замка в западной части острова Фетлар . Построена в 1825 году Артуром Николсоном (1794–1863). В 2007 году включена в список архитектурных памятников категории «A» [64] . С 2003 года в списке памятников садово-паркового искусства [65] .
- The MacL Flagg Island lighthouse was built in 1858 by David and Thomas Stevenson. In 1971, the lighthouse and the surrounding buildings were included in the list of architectural monuments of category “A” [66]
- Quindale Mill - a water mill in the village of Quindale , built in 1867 . In 1977, it was included in the list of architectural monuments of category “A” [67] .
Other
- The archipelago in the Antarctic, discovered at the beginning of the 19th century , is called the South Shetland Islands .
See also
- List of islands in Scotland
- List of Shetland Islands
Notes
- ↑ Shetlands tourist agency climate page Archived on March 7, 2007. , accessed April 19, 2007
- ↑ DA Bearhop. Munro's Tables. - Scottish Mountaineering Club & Trust, 1997 .-- ISBN 0-907521-53-3 .
- ↑ Shetland Islands Wildlife Refuge
- ↑ Fair Isle Wildlife Refuge
- ↑ Ornithological Observatories of Great Britain and Ireland Archived on February 2, 2014.
- ↑ Shetland Bus (unavailable link) . Date of treatment January 9, 2014. Archived on January 9, 2014.
- ↑ Sallom-Vo oil terminal
- ↑ Wind Farm “Viking Wind Farm”
- ↑ Construction time
- ↑ Shetland Harbors
- ↑ Tavish Scott Speech Archived September 13, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 North Atlantic Fisheries College Marine Center. Archived February 4, 2011.
- ↑ Valhalla Brewery Brewery Archived June 3, 2013.
- ↑ Boeing CH-47 Chinook
- ↑ NorthLink Ferries Ferries
- ↑ Shetland Islands Council Ferries Ferries
- ↑ BK Marine Ferries
- ↑ From Zetland - the old name of the Shetland Islands
- ↑ Communication cable “SHEFA-2” Archived on October 20, 2013.
- ↑ Northern Lighthouse Board Lighthouses
- ↑ Shetland Islands Broadcasting Company radio station
- ↑ BBC Radio Shetland
- ↑ Shetland Islands Broadcasting Company radio station Archived on August 10, 2011.
- ↑ The Shetland Times Ltd
- ↑ European Parliament election results in the Scotland constituency on news.bbc.co.uk
- ↑ Profile of the Honorable Alistair Carmichael on the official website of the House of Commons Archived on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ Tavish Scott's profile on the Scottish Parliament official website
- ↑ Results of the 2011 Scottish Parliament elections in the Highland and Islands multi-member constituency on the Highland Council official website Archived on April 17, 2012.
- ↑ Deputies of the Shetland Islands Council
- ↑ Parish councils of Shetland Islands
- ↑ Consulate of Germany
- ↑ Consulate of Iceland
- ↑ Consulate of Norway
- ↑ Embassy and Consulates of Finland in the UK (Unavailable link) . Date of treatment December 22, 2013. Archived October 25, 2013.
- ↑ Swedish Embassy and Consulates in the United Kingdom
- ↑ Scotland Fire and Rescue Service
- ↑ Search and Rescue Services
- ↑ Bristow Helicopters Archived on October 29, 2013.
- ↑ Bond Aviation Grou p
- ↑ National Health Service Shetland
- ↑ Shetland College
- ↑ Up Helly Aa Festival
- ↑ Shetland Islands Museum
- ↑ Old Haa Museum
- ↑ Maggie Adamson
- ↑ Island Games teams
- ↑ Island Games Results
- ↑ Results of the Island Games 2005 football competition
- ↑ Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney of the Scottish Episcopal Church
- ↑ Diocese of Aberdeen
- ↑ UNESCO
- ↑ Castle of Muness
- ↑ Castle of Skallowway
- ↑ Fort Charlotte
- ↑ North Haa Manor
- ↑ Hardy House
- ↑ Old Haa of Scallove
- ↑ Haa of Sand
- ↑ Category “A” architectural monument
- ↑ Monument of landscape gardening
- ↑ Belmont House Manor
- ↑ Lodberry
- ↑ Cape Samboro Head Lighthouse
- ↑ Category “A” architectural monument
- ↑ Monument of landscape gardening
- ↑ Lighthouse on MacLegh Flag Island
- ↑ Quindale Mill
Literature
- Shetland Islands, an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
