Squirrels ( obsolete. Proteinaceous , obsolete. Vesicular [1] , lat. Sciuridae ) - a family of mammals of the rodent order.
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Description
Squirrels include animals that are diverse in appearance and lifestyle, united by a unity of origin and similar anatomical structure. The sizes are small and medium. Body length from 6 ( mouse protein ) to 60 cm ( groundhogs ). In appearance, squirrels can be divided into 3 types: wood squirrel, ground squirrel and squirrels, and it is believed that the common ancestors were closest to wood squirrel. In wood squirrels, which include the squirrels themselves, long fluffy tails, sharp claws and large ears, sometimes with tassels. The squirrels on the sides of the body, between the wrists and ankles, have a skin membrane that allows them to plan. Ground squirrels are distinguished by a denser physique and short, strong forelimbs. All squirrel hind limbs are longer than the front, but not more than 2 times. Hind limbs 5-, front 4- or 5-fingered. The fourth finger on the fore and hind limbs is the longest. The hair is thick and soft. The color is monophonic or with stripes and spots, ranging from black and white to red or dark yellow. Nipples from 2 to 6 pairs. There are only 20-22 teeth. Molar teeth with roots, 5 on each side of the upper jaw (4 in one species), 4 on the lower. The chewing surface of the molars is tuberous or tubercle-comb. The anterior superior pre-molar tooth is always smaller than the others; in squirrels it is in the form of a thin column, while in Persian squirrel it is completely absent.
Squirrels are very widespread. They are absent in the Australian region, Madagascar , in the polar regions, in northwestern Africa ( Sahara ) and in the south of South America ( Patagonia , Chile , most of Argentina ). In the Northern Hemisphere, squirrel fossils are found from the Oligocene . It is inhabited by a wide variety of landscapes: from tropical rainforests to the Arctic tundra . In the mountains they are found up to the lower edge of glaciers . Lead a land or tree lifestyle. Active mainly during the day; Flying - mainly at night. They feed on a variety of plant foods (seeds, nuts, mushrooms), less often insects and small vertebrates. Terrestrial species feed mainly on herbs. Species in temperate ranges make reserves for the winter or fall into hibernation. The lifestyle is solitary, sometimes colonial. Arboreal squirrels usually build a guinea , while terrestrial squirrels live in burrows. Long-range migrations were noted for some species. The duration of pregnancy is 22–45 days. Females bring from 1 to 15 naked and blind cubs.
A number of species has commercial value and is obtained for the sake of fur or meat. The family has pests of agriculture (a number of ground squirrels ) and carriers of dangerous human diseases (some groundhogs , ground squirrels ).
Classification
The family includes 48 genera, grouped into five subfamilies. By the number of species (280), squirrels are second only to the murine family [2] .
- Subfamily Ratufinae
- Genus Giant Squirrels ( Ratufa )
- Big Tailed Giant Squirrel ( Ratufa macroura )
- Indian giant squirrel ( Ratufa indica )
- Bicolor Squirrel ( Ratufa bicolor )
- Cream Squirrel ( Ratufa affinis )
- Genus Giant Squirrels ( Ratufa )
- Subfamily Sciurillinae
- Genus Sciurillus
- Baby Squirrel ( Sciurillus pusillus )
- Genus Sciurillus
- Subfamily Sciurinae
- Tribe Sciurini
- Genus Dwarf Squirrels ( Microsciurus )
- Central American Dwarf Squirrel ( Microsciurus alfari )
- Amazonian Squirrel ( Microsciurus flaviventer )
- Western Dwarf Squirrel ( Microsciurus mimulus )
- Santander Squirrel ( Microsciurus santanderensis )
- Genus Rheithrosciurus
- Brushless Squirrel ( Rheithrosciurus macrotis )
- Squirrel genus (genus) ( Sciurus )
- Squirrel Aberta ( Sciurus aberti )
- Guiana squirrel ( Sciurus aestuans )
- Allen squirrel ( Sciurus alleni )
- Persian Squirrel ( Sciurus anomalus )
- Arizona Squirrel ( Sciurus arizonensis )
- Golden- bellied Squirrel ( Sciurus aureogaster )
- Caroline Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis )
- Squirrel Collie ( Sciurus colliaei )
- Squirrel Depp ( Sciurus deppei )
- Fire Squirrel ( Sciurus flammifer )
- Yellow-throated Squirrel ( Sciurus gilvigularis )
- Red-Tailed Squirrel ( Sciurus granatensis )
- Gray-yellow squirrel ( Sciurus griseoflavus )
- Western Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus griseus )
- Bolivian squirrel ( Sciurus ignitus )
- Amazonian Red Squirrel ( Sciurus igniventris )
- Japanese squirrel ( Sciurus lis )
- Nayarit Squirrel ( Sciurus nayaritensis )
- Fox Squirrel ( Sciurus niger )
- Peters Squirrel ( Sciurus oculatus )
- Andean squirrel ( Sciurus pucheranii )
- Peruvian red squirrel ( Sciurus pyrrhinus )
- Richmond Squirrel ( Sciurus richmondi )
- Squirrel Sanborn ( Sciurus sanborni )
- South Amazonian Squirrel ( Sciurus spadiceus )
- Guayaquil Squirrel ( Sciurus stramineus )
- Speckled Squirrel ( Sciurus variegatoides )
- Common Squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) or Whole
- Yucatan Squirrel ( Sciurus yucatanensis )
- Genus Syntheosciurus
- Furrowed Protein ( Syntheosciurus brochus )
- Genus Red Squirrels ( Tamiasciurus )
- Douglas squirrel ( Tamiasciurus douglasii )
- Red Squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus )
- Myrns Squirrel ( Tamiasciurus mearnsi )
- Genus Dwarf Squirrels ( Microsciurus )
- Tribe Pteromyini
- Genus Aeretes
- Chinese flying squirrel ( Aeretes melanopterus )
- Genus Black flying squirrels ( Aeromys )
- Black flying squirrel ( Aeromys tephromelas )
- Kalimantan Flying Squirrel ( Aeromys thomasi )
- Genus Hairy-legged flying squirrel ( Belomys )
- Hairy-legged flying squirrel ( Belomys pearsonii )
- Genus Biswamoyopterus
- Assamese flying squirrel ( Biswamoyopterus biswasi )
- Genus Eoglaucomys
- Kashmir flying squirrel ( Eoglaucomys fimbriatus )
- Genus Eupetaurus
- Rock flying squirrel ( Eupetaurus cinereus )
- Genus American flying squirrels ( Glaucomys )
- Northern flying squirrel ( Glaucomys sabrinus )
- Southern Flying Squirrel ( Glaucomys volans )
- Genus Arrow-Tailed Flying Squirrels ( Hylopetes )
- Arrow-Tailed Flying Squirrels ( Hylopetes )
- Two-color flying squirrel ( Hylopetes alboniger )
- Afghan flying squirrel ( Hylopetes baberi )
- Flying Bartels ( Hylopetes bartelsi )
- Javanese flying squirrel ( Hylopetes lepidus )
- Palawan flying squirrel ( Hylopetes nigripes )
- Flying Squirrel ( Hylopetes phayrei )
- Hylopetes platyurus
- Sipor flying squirrel ( Hylopetes sipora )
- Myanmar flying squirrel ( Hylopetes spadiceus )
- Sumatran Flying Squirrel ( Hylopetes winstoni )
- Genus Indonesian Flying Squirrels ( Iomys )
- Indonesian Flying Squirrel ( Iomys horsfieldi )
- Mentawai Flying Squirrel ( Iomys sipora )
- Genus Pygmy Flying Squirrels ( Petaurillus )
- Sarawak Pygmy Flying Squirrel ( Petaurillus emiliae )
- Pygmy Flying Squirrel ( Petaurillus hosei )
- Selangor Pygmy Flying Squirrel ( Petaurillus kinlochii )
- Genus Giant Flying Squirrels ( Petaurista )
- White-red flying squirrel ( Petaurista alborufus )
- Graceful Flying Squirrel ( Petaurista elegans )
- Flying Hodgson ( Petaurista magnificus )
- Bhutanese flying squirrel ( Petaurista nobilis )
- Indian giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista philippensis )
- Chinese giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista xanthotis )
- Japanese giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista leucogenys )
- Giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista petaurista ) Taguan
- Genus Dwarf Flying Squirrels ( Petinomys )
- Philippine flying squirrel ( Petinomys crinitus )
- Brown-headed Flying Squirrel ( Petinomys fuscocapillus )
- Moustached Flying Squirrel ( Petinomys genibarbis )
- Flying Hagen ( Petinomys hageni )
- Siberian Flying Squirrel ( Petinomys lugens )
- Petinomys mindanensis
- Arrow-tailed Dwarf Flying Squirrel ( Petinomys sagitta )
- White-bellied flying squirrel ( Petinomys setosus )
- Flying Squirrel Vordermann ( Petinomys vordermanni )
- Genus Eurasian Flying Squirrels ( Pteromys )
- Japanese flying squirrel ( Pteromys momonga )
- Common flying squirrel ( Pteromys volans )
- Genus Pteromyscus
- Smoky Flying Squirrel ( Pteromyscus pulverulentus )
- Genus Trogopterus
- Tooth flying squirrel ( Trogopterus xanthipes )
- Genus Aeretes
- Tribe Sciurini
- Subfamily Callosciurinae
- Genus Fine Squirrels ( Callosciurus )
- Spotted Ears ( Callosciurus adamsi )
- Whitish Squirrel ( Callosciurus albescens )
- Kinabaluy Squirrel ( Callosciurus baluensis )
- Gray-haired squirrel ( Callosciurus caniceps )
- Red-bellied Squirrel ( Callosciurus erythraeus )
- Callosciurus ferrugineus
- Finlayson squirrel ( Callosciurus finlaysonii )
- Yellow-footed Squirrel ( Callosciurus flavimanus )
- Spectacled Squirrel ( Callosciurus inornatus )
- Black-bellied Squirrel ( Callosciurus melanogaster )
- Tricolor Squirrel ( Callosciurus notatus )
- Black-Squirrel Squirrel ( Callosciurus nigrovittatus )
- Kalimantan Fine Squirrel ( Callosciurus orestes )
- Irrawaddy Squirrel ( Callosciurus pygerythrus )
- Squirrel Firey ( Callosciurus phayrei )
- Protein Prevosta ( Callosciurus prevostii )
- Irrawaddy Squirrel ( Callosciurus pygerythrus )
- Anderson squirrel ( Callosciurus quinquestriatus )
- Probe Squirrel ( Sundasciurus ) genus
- Subgenus Sundasciurus
- Squirrel Brooke ( Sundasciurus brookei )
- Sumatran Squirrel ( Sundasciurus fraterculus )
- Squirrel Gentinka ( Sundasciurus jentinki )
- Squirrel Catch ( Sundasciurus lowii )
- Slender Squirrel ( Sundasciurus tenuis )
- Subgenus Aletesciurus
- Davao Squirrel ( Sundasciurus davensis )
- Horse-tailed Squirrel ( Sundasciurus hippurus )
- Busuang Squirrel ( Sundasciurus hoogstraali )
- Palawan Squirrel ( Sundasciurus juvencus )
- Mindanao Squirrel ( Sundasciurus mindanensis )
- Melllendorf Squirrel ( Sundasciurus moellendorffi )
- Philippine Squirrel ( Sundasciurus philippinensis )
- Palawan Mountain Squirrel ( Sundasciurus rabori )
- Samara Squirrel ( Sundasciurus samarensis )
- Balabak Squirrel ( Sundasciurus steerii )
- Genus Red-cheeked squirrels ( Dremomys )
- Kalimantan Mountain Squirrel ( Dremomys everetti )
- Dremomys gularis
- Orange- bellied Squirrel ( Dremomys lokriah )
- Squirrel Perni ( Dremomys pernyi )
- Red-backed Protein ( Dremomys pyrrhomerus )
- Red-cheeked Squirrel ( Dremomys rufigenis )
- Genus Tiny Squirrel ( Exilisciurus )
- Philippine Tiny Squirrel ( Exilisciurus concinnus )
- Tiny Squirrel ( Exilisciurus exilis )
- Tiny Whitehead Squirrel ( Exilisciurus whiteheadi )
- Genus Palm Squirrels ( Funambulus )
- Subgenus Funambulus
- Layard squirrel ( Funambulus layardi )
- Indian palm squirrel ( Funambulus palmarum )
- Dark-Striped Squirrel ( Funambulus sublineatus )
- Three-lane Squirrel ( Funambulus tristriatus )
- Subgenus Prasadsciurus
- Northern Palm Squirrel ( Funambulus pennantii )
- Genus Glyphotes
- Kalimantan Squirrel ( Glyphotes simus )
- Genus Sulawesian Long- Nosed Squirrels ( Hyosciurus )
- Mountain long-nosed squirrel ( Hyosciurus heinrichi )
- Plain long-nosed squirrel ( Hyosciurus ileile )
- Genus Malay Squirrels ( Lariscus )
- Malay Squirrel ( Lariscus hosei )
- Three- lane Squirrel ( Lariscus insignis )
- Niobium Squirrel ( Lariscus niobe )
- Mentawai Squirrel ( Lariscus obscurus )
- Genus Menetes
- Bird Squirrel ( Menetes berdmorei )
- Genus Nannosciurus
- Baby black -eared squirrel ( Nannosciurus melanotis )
- Genus Dwarf Sulaweski Squirrel ( Prosciurillus )
- Secretive Squirrel ( Prosciurillus abstrusus )
- Whitish Dwarf Squirrel ( Prosciurillus leucomus )
- Sulawes dwarf squirrel ( Prosciurillus murinus )
- Prosciurillus rosenbergii
- Weber Dwarf Squirrel ( Prosciurillus weberi )
- Genus Rhinosciurus
- Long Nose Squirrel ( Rhinosciurus laticaudatus )
- Genus Rubrisciurus
- Ruby Squirrel ( Rubrisciurus rubriventer )
- Genus Tamiops
- Himalayan Striped Squirrel ( Tamiops mcclellandii )
- Plain Striped Squirrel ( Tamiops maritimus )
- Kampuchean Squirrel ( Tamiops rodolphii )
- Yunnan squirrel ( Tamiops swinhoei )
- Genus Fine Squirrels ( Callosciurus )
- Subfamily Xerinae
- Tribe Xerini
- Genus Atlantoxerus
- Maghreb Squirrel ( Atlantoxerus getulus )
- Genus Ground Squirrels ( Xerus )
- Striped Ground Squirrel ( Xerus erythropus )
- Cape Ground Squirrel ( Xerus inauris )
- Damara earthen squirrel ( Xerus princeps )
- Red Ground Squirrel ( Xerus rutilus )
- Genus Spermophilopsis
- Small-toed Gopher ( Spermophilopsis leptodactylus )
- Genus Atlantoxerus
- Triba Protoxerini
- Genus African Palm Squirrels ( Epixerus )
- African Palm Squirrel ( Epixerus ebii )
- Wilson squirrel ( Epixerus wilsoni )
- Genus Striped Squirrels ( Funisciurus )
- Thomas Squirrel ( Funisciurus anerythrus )
- Bayon squirrel ( Funisciurus bayonii )
- Mountain Stripes Squirrel ( Funisciurus carruthersi )
- Congolese squirrel ( Funisciurus congicus )
- Four- Striped Squirrel ( Funisciurus isabella )
- Squirrel le Comte ( Funisciurus lemniscatus )
- Orange- headed Squirrel ( Funisciurus leucogenys )
- Firefoot Squirrel ( Funisciurus pyrrhopus )
- Winton Squirrel ( Funisciurus substriatus )
- Genus Solar Squirrels ( Heliosciurus )
- Gambian Squirrel ( Heliosciurus gambianus )
- Mozambique Squirrel ( Heliosciurus mutabilis )
- Small solar squirrel ( Heliosciurus punctatus )
- Red-footed Solar Squirrel ( Heliosciurus rufobrachium )
- Ruvenzor Squirrel ( Heliosciurus ruwenzorii )
- Tanzanian squirrel ( Heliosciurus undulatus )
- Genus Myosciurus
- Mouse Squirrel ( Myosciurus pumilio )
- Genus Shrub Squirrel ( Paraxerus )
- Squirrel Alexandra ( Paraxerus alexandri )
- Squirrel Bema ( Paraxerus boehmi )
- Gray-footed shrub squirrel ( Paraxerus cepapi )
- Cooper Squirrel ( Paraxerus cooperi )
- Striped Shrub Squirrel ( Paraxerus flavovittis )
- Black-red squirrel ( Paraxerus lucifer )
- Buffy protein ( Paraxerus ochraceus )
- Red shrub squirrel ( Paraxerus palliatus )
- Green Squirrel ( Paraxerus poensis )
- Swinnerton squirrel ( Paraxerus vexillarius )
- Vincent squirrel ( Paraxerus vincenti )
- Genus Oilseeds ( Protoxerus )
- Fine -tailed Squirrel ( Protoxerus aubinnii )
- Oil Squirrel ( Protoxerus stangeri )
- Genus African Palm Squirrels ( Epixerus )
- Tribe Marmotini
- Squirrel Chipmunks ( Sciurotamias )
- Squirrel Chipmunk of David ( Sciurotamias davidianus )
- Chipmunk Forrest ( Sciurotamias forresti )
- Gopher genus ( Spermophilus )
- Tropical ground squirrel ( Spermophilus adocetus )
- Alashan gopher ( Spermophilus alashanicus )
- Ring Tailed Gopher ( Spermophilus annulatus )
- Wint gopher ( Spermophilus armatus )
- Black-headed Gopher ( Spermophilus atricapillus )
- California Gopher ( Spermophilus beecheyi )
- Gopher Belding ( Spermophilus beldingi )
- Aydah gopher ( Spermophilus brunneus )
- Gopher of Merriam ( Spermophilus canus )
- European ground squirrel ( Spermophilus citellus )
- Columbian gopher ( Spermophilus columbianus )
- Daurian ground squirrel ( Spermophilus dauricus )
- Wyoming Gopher ( Spermophilus elegans )
- Red-cheeked Gopher ( Spermophilus erythrogenys )
- Franklin gopher ( Spermophilus franklinii )
- Yellow gopher ( Spermophilus fulvus )
- Golden ground squirrel ( Spermophilus lateralis )
- Sierramadres gopher ( Spermophilus madrensis )
- Great gopher ( Spermophilus major )
- Mexican Gopher ( Spermophilus mexicanus )
- Mojave gopher ( Spermophilus mohavensis )
- Piyut gopher ( Spermophilus mollis )
- Mountain Caucasian gopher ( Spermophilus musicus )
- American Long- Tailed Gopher ( Spermophilus parryii )
- Perothecian ground squirrel ( Spermophilus perotensis )
- Lesser Gopher ( Spermophilus pygmaeus )
- Relic gopher ( Spermophilus relictus )
- Richardson Gopher ( Spermophilus richardsonii )
- Cascading Gopher ( Spermophilus saturatus )
- Spotted Gopher ( Spermophilus spilosoma )
- Speckled ground squirrel ( Spermophilus suslicus )
- Squirrel Gopher ( Spermophilus tereticaudus )
- Gopher Townsend ( Spermophilus townsendii )
- Thirteen- Striped Gopher ( Spermophilus tridecemlineatus )
- Long-Tailed Gopher ( Spermophilus undulatus )
- Rocky Gopher ( Spermophilus variegatus )
- Washington gopher ( Spermophilus washingtoni )
- Little Asian ground squirrel ( Spermophilus xanthoprymnus )
- Genus Antelope Gophers ( Ammospermophilus )
- Harris Antelope Gopher ( Ammospermophilus harrisii )
- White- Tailed Gopher ( Ammospermophilus leucurus )
- Texas Gopher ( Ammospermophilus interpres )
- Island Gopher ( Ammospermophilus insularis )
- Nelson's Antelope Gopher ( Ammospermophilus nelsoni )
- Genus Meadow Dogs ( Cynomys )
- Gunnison Meadow Dog ( Cynomys gunnisoni )
- White-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys leucurus )
- Black-Tailed Meadow Dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus )
- Mexican meadow dog ( Cynomys mexicanus )
- Utah Meadow Dog ( Cynomys parvidens )
- Genus Groundhogs ( Marmota )
- Groundhog ( Marmota baibacina )
- Steppe Groundhog ( Marmota bobak )
- Alaskan Marmot ( Marmota broweri )
- Marmot Marmot ( Marmota caligata )
- Black-capped Groundhog ( Marmota camtschatica )
- Long-tailed Groundhog ( Marmota caudata )
- Yellow-bellied Marmot ( Marmota flaviventris )
- Himalayan Marmot ( Marmota himalayana )
- Alpine Marmot ( Marmota marmota )
- Marmot Menzbier ( Marmota menzbieri )
- Groundhog ( Marmota monax )
- Mongolian marmot ( Marmota sibirica )
- Olympic Groundhog ( Marmota olympus )
- Vancouver Groundhog ( Marmota vancouverensis )
- Rod Chipmunks ( Tamias )
- Subgenus Tamias
- Eastern chipmunk ( Tamias striatus )
- Subgenus Eutamias
- Chipmunk ( Eutamias sibiricus )
- Subgenus Neotamias
- Alpine Chipmunk ( Neotamias alpinus )
- Chipmunk ( Neotamias amoenus )
- Buller's Chipmunk ( Neotamias bulleri )
- Gray-footed Chipmunk ( Neotamias canipes )
- Chipmunk ( Neotamias cinereicollis )
- Rocky Chipmunk ( Neotamias dorsalis )
- Chipmunk Durang ( Neotamias durangae )
- Chipmunk of Merriam ( Neotamias merriami )
- Chipmunk ( Neotamias minimus )
- California chipmunk ( Neotamias obscurus )
- Yellow-cheeked chipmunk ( Neotamias ochrogenys )
- Palmer Chipmunk ( Neotamias palmeri )
- Panaminti chipmunk ( Neotamias panamintinus )
- Long-eared Chipmunk ( Neotamias quadrimaculatus )
- Colorado chipmunk ( Neotamias quadrivittatus )
- Red- Tailed Chipmunk ( Neotamias ruficaudus )
- Red chipmunk ( Neotamias rufus )
- Allen Chipmunk ( Neotamias senex )
- Northern California chipmunk ( Neotamias siskiyou )
- Chomonk chipfish ( Neotamias sonomae )
- Nevadian chipmunk ( Neotamias speciosus )
- Chipmunk Townsend ( Neotamias townsendii )
- Unitita chipmunk ( Neotamias umbrinus )
- Subgenus Tamias
- Squirrel Chipmunks ( Sciurotamias )
- Tribe Xerini
In the fauna of Russia there are 16 species of the squirrel family: flying squirrel , common squirrel , Asiatic chipmunk , 9 species of ground squirrels and 4 species of groundhogs
Harris Antelope Gopher Ammospermophilus harrisii
Chipmunk Tamias striatus
Gopher
American flying squirrel Glaucomys volans
Marmot
Notes
- ↑ Squirrels // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Russian names in the book. Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia. "Mammals" Prince. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / Ed. D. MacDonald . - M .: Omega, 2007 .-- S. 440-442. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8 .
Literature
- Brandt, E.K. Proteins // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.