Manned spacecraft

A manned spacecraft is a manned spacecraft designed to fly people in outer space and, in particular, deliver people to space and return them safely to Earth (or another planet / satellite / space station ).

Soyuz-TMA manned spacecraft

In his work “The Spaceship” in 1924, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky , speaking about the apparatus intended for the flight of a person into space, basically called it differently: - a celestial ship ^[1] .

The first manned spacecraft was the Soviet ship Vostok-1 , on which Yuri Gagarin made the first full-fledged space flight, flying around the Earth at the first space speed .

One of the main problems in the design of this class of spacecraft is the creation of a safe, reliable and accurate system for returning the crew to the earth's surface in the form of a wingless descent vehicle (SA) or spacecraft . In addition, an important feature is the presence of an emergency rescue system (CAC) at the initial stage of launch by a launch vehicle (LV) . The projects of the first generation spacecraft did not have a full-fledged rocket SAS - instead of it, as a rule, the ejection of crew seats was used, winged space planes are also not equipped with a special SAS. Also, the spaceship must be equipped with a crew life support system (LSS) .

Due to the high complexity of creating the PAC, only three countries have them - the USSR / Russia , USA , China . At the same time, Chinese spacecraft largely repeat the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz.

For several years, the Soyuz spacecraft have been the only means of mankind's entry into space. ^[2]

Launch of the Soyuz-TMA manned spacecraft to the international space station

Including only in the USA and the USSR reusable systems with PAC- spaceplanes were created (currently decommissioned). Also, India , Japan , Europe / ESA , Iran , the DPRK have plans to create a GAC.