Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich

Vladimir Vernadsky, gymnasium student
First St. Petersburg Gymnasium , 1878

Vladimir Vernadsky was born in St. Petersburg on February 28 ( March 12 ), 1863 ^[8] .

His father, Ivan Vasilievich, was a descendant of the Zaporizhzhya Cossack foreman, who led himself away from a certain Lithuanian gentry Verna, who, during the Khmelnitsky uprising, went over to the side of the Cossacks, but was subsequently captured and executed by the Poles, leaving three Cossack sons, of whom Stepan was a military, and his son Nicephorus (great-grandfather of Ivan Vernadsky) an iconic comrade ^{[9] [10]} . At the time of the birth of his son, Ivan Vernadsky served on special assignments under the Minister of the Interior, taught economics and had the rank of full-time state adviser . Mother Anna Petrovna came from a Russian noble family ^{[11] [12]} . The godfather of the future scientist was Peter Vasilievich Goslavsky ^[13] - the father of the writer and playwright Yevgeny Goslavsky , the artist Peter Goslavsky .

Vladimir Vernadsky was the second cousin of the famous Russian writer Vladimir Korolenko ^[11] .

In 1868, due to the unfavorable climate of St. Petersburg, the Vernadsky family moved to Kharkov , one of the leading scientific and cultural centers of the Russian Empire . In 1873, Vladimir entered the first class of the Kharkov classical gymnasium . Under the influence of his father, he gained sympathy for the Ukrainian movement. Specially learned the Polish language to read books about Ukraine ^[14] .

Education

In 1876 , after the family returned to St. Petersburg , V.I. Vernadsky entered the third grade of the First Petersburg Classical Gymnasium . In 1881 he graduated from high school eighth in graduation, which was not so bad at all, given the very strong team ^[15] .

In 1881-1885 he studied at the natural branch of the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Imperial University of St. Petersburg . A participant in soil science expeditions (1882, 1884) and a student of V.V. Dokuchaev , who proposed the topic of his Ph.D. thesis “On the Physical Properties of Isomorphic Mixtures”. Among the teachers of Vernadsky were the chemist D.I. Mendeleev , to whom in 1882 he successfully passed the exam in general chemistry, the botanist A.N. Beketov, and other famous scientists. In 1939, in a letter sent to the organizing committee on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the university, Vernadsky wrote: “I am an old student of St. Petersburg University graduating in 1885, at the brilliant time of his life - a student of Dokuchaev, Mendeleev, Famintsyn, Glazenap, Inostrantseva, Beketova , Menshutkin, Kostychev, Voyeykov, Vanderflit, Petrushevsky, Bogdanov, Wagner. All my university past had a decisive influence on my life ”(ARAN. F. 518. Op. 3. D. 1978. L. 1) ^[16] .

He participated in a student gathering on November 10, 1882 , for which he was detained by the police. I was familiar with Alexander Ulyanov . A member of the populist circle of D. I. Shakhovsky (“ Priyutinsky Brotherhood ” ^[17] ), where he met his future wife Natalya Yegorovna Staritskaya. He was elected chairman of the Central Council of the united community ^[11] .

In 1885-1890, he was the curator of the Mineralogical Cabinet of the Imperial St. Petersburg University. The university staff at the Department of Mineralogy for the academic year 1886/87 indicated: ordinary professor V. V. Dokuchaev, privat-docent S. F. Glinka , conservatives P. A. Zemyatchensky and V. I. Vernadsky ^[18] .

After the failure of the “Conspiracy of the First of March”, in 1888-1890 V. I. Vernadsky was sent by the university to Italy, France and Germany to continue his studies and prepare for the professorship. In 1889, he helped Dokuchaev in preparing and showing the soil exposition at the World Exhibition in Paris , for which the "Department of Russian Soils" of the exhibition was awarded a gold medal ^[19] .

In 1897, V. I. Vernadsky defended his doctoral dissertation at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg on the topic: “Sliding phenomena of crystalline matter”.

Teaching

V.I.Vernadsky School at Imperial Moscow University

In the autumn of 1890, V.I. Vernadsky, at the invitation of Professor A.P. Pavlov, moved to Moscow and on November 22 was approved as a privat-docent of the Department of Crystallography and Mineralogy of Imperial Moscow University . After defending a master's thesis in 1891, he was appointed head of the mineralogical cabinet. The young teacher faced serious tasks: developing lectures on mineralogy and crystallography; streamlining of the mineralogical cabinet and museum; conducting research in a chemical laboratory. To restore order in the mineralogical cabinet, Vernadsky attracted his students. The senior assistants helped him in the work: Y. V. Samoilov, N.I. Surgunov, V.V. Karandeyev, P.K. Aleksat. V. I. Vernadsky described his work with students as follows: “... In the field and in the laboratory, the study of the paragenesis of minerals came first; mineralogical excursions began (almost for the first time in university education in Russia) ... The basis of everything was based on the possibly accurate physical (including crystallographic) and chemical study of minerals and their observation - paragenetic - in the field and in the laboratory. Each student conducted crystallographic research (and the calculation of some substance, mainly artificial) and did a full chemical analysis of the mineral. The work was chosen so that the student received new, previously unknown, quantitatively expressed facts. A significant portion of this new data was printed. In close connection with such a statement of work, the mineralogical collection was compiled and systematized, and the compiled geographical and systematic complete card catalog was made in large part by the free and voluntary work of people working in the office ” ^[20] . Vernadsky devoted much attention to working with his students in publishing the results of their work in leading European journals on mineralogy and crystallography. He led a student mineralogical circle. For ten years, members of the circle have read 77 reports on original research, including 11 by Vernadsky himself. Between 1890 and 1898, privat-docent Vernadsky raised more than 20 students who became famous mineralogists (S.P. Popov, V.G. Orlovsky, I.F.Sioma, N.A. Skritsky, Ya. V. Samoilov, P. P. Pilipenko, V.V. Karandaev, L. L. Ivanov, N.I. Surgunov, A.A. Aunovsky, A.O. Shklyarevsky, N.N. Tikhonovich, B.A. Luri, V.N. Mamontov, P.K. Aleksat, G.I. Kasperovich, V.V. Arshinov, A.E. Fersman , V.S. Gulevich, L.V. Yakovlev).

Vernadsky’s students took leadership positions in the departments of mineralogy and geology at Moscow, Saratov, Tomsk, Tbilisi, Taurida, Voronezh universities, at the Kiev Polytechnic, Yekaterinoslav Mining, Moscow Geological Prospecting Institute, the New Alexandria Institute of Agriculture, Moscow Agricultural Institute, Moscow Mining Academy University named after Shanyavsky in Moscow, Women's Higher Courses in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In addition, they headed such well-known institutions as the Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Applied Mineralogy, and the Scientific Institute of Fertilizers; worked in the Commission for the Study of the Productive Forces of Russia, the Biochemical Laboratory, Radium Institute .

Extraordinary (1898-1902), then ordinary (1902-1911) professor at Imperial Moscow University. He is the author of lecture courses and textbooks on mineralogy, crystallography and the history of natural science.

At the same time, he taught mineralogy at the Moscow Higher Women's Courses , where his students were A. B. Missuna and V. A. Varsanofyev .

In 1911, V. I. Vernadsky, in solidarity with professors dismissed for political reasons, resigned (in connection with the so-called “Casso Case” ) ^[21] .

Scientific activity

The scientific work of V.I. Vernadsky had a significant impact on the development of earth sciences , the academies of sciences of Russia , Ukraine , as well as the worldview of people as a whole.

On May 1, 1897 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the theme: "Sliding phenomena of crystalline matter."

On March 4, 1906, he was elected as an adjunct (modern correspondent member) of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in physics and mathematics (mineralogy).

On April 5, 1908, he was elected an extraordinary academician (freelance academician) in mineralogy.

In 1906, he was elected a member of the State Council from the Academy of Sciences and Universities, but withdrew from it due to the dissolution of the State Duma of the first convocation . In 1908, he was elected a second time to the Council of State. He was sent to France and the UK.

V.I. Vernadsky did a great job of organizing expeditions and creating a laboratory base for the search and study of radioactive minerals, becoming one of the first to understand the immense importance of studying radioactive processes for all aspects of society. The progress of research on radioactive deposits was reflected in the Proceedings of the Radium Expedition of the Academy of Sciences ^[23] . These were mainly expeditions to the Urals ^{[ref. 1]} , in the Urals , on Lake Baikal , in Transbaikalia , on the Tuya-Muyunskoye field in the Ferghana region (1915-1916) ^[24] and the Caucasus , but V. I. Vernadsky pointed out the need for such studies in the southern regions, especially on the coasts Black and Azov Seas . He believed that permanent research stations should be organized for successful work ^[25] .

In the spring of 1917, V. I. Vernadsky came to his Shishaki estate in the Poltava province , where the October Revolution found him ^[26] . According to other sources, at the invitation of Oldenburg, he worked in the Ministry of Education in Petrograd and, after the October Revolution, turned over the affairs of the narcotics of education to A. V. Lunacharsky . On November 22, by the decision of the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Academy of Sciences, he was sent south for health reasons (tuberculosis) and to continue research. ^[27]

Recognizing the independence of Ukraine as a “fait accompli,” V. I. Vernadsky left the Cadet Party in May 1918, as evidenced by the entry in his diary for 1941 made on May 24 ^[28] . He writes: “Immediately, according to the statement of the Head of the Ukrainian Academy, I left the Constitutional Democratic Party and its Central Committee.” And then Vernadsky gives an exhaustive explanation of this step: “This exit was not only a consequence of this formal reason. I already had then, when I was in the Provisional Government, I deeply disagreed with the government of Prince Lvov, not to mention Kerensky . He considered all tactics of the Cadets to be a mistake. The activities of the cadets during the internecine war at Denikin completely pushed me away from them - both in the land and in the national question. "

On October 27, 1918, Vernadsky became one of the founders and the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences , created by the government of Hetman Pavel Skoropadsky . DI Doroshkevich, a prominent historian, Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Hetman Skoropadsky, emphasized the role of Vernadsky in the organization of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences: “When the Ukrainian Power came into being in 1918, the organizer of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences was V. I. Vernadsky ... " ^[29] . At the same time, by prior arrangement with the Minister of Education, N. P. Vasilenko , he did not accept the citizenship of Ukraine. ^[30] He taught a course of geochemistry at Kiev University . He was enthusiastically engaged in biogeochemistry ^[31] .

In the spring of 1919, after the establishment of Soviet power, a representative of the Russian Academy of Sciences, his student A.E. Fersman, arrived in Kiev to Vernadsky. During a trip for negotiations in Rostov-on-Don through Novorossiysk, Vernadsky fell ill with typhus and remained in the Crimea and was transported by relatives to Simferopol . After recovery, from February 1920 to 1921, he was a freelance ordinary professor (ARAN, f. 518, op. 2, d. 1151, f. 5, 7), and from September 1920, he was rector of the Tauride University in Simferopol. ^[32] In 1920, he was part of the Simferopol branch of the Kiev Ukrainian Scientific Partnership. On January 25, 1921, the Krymrevkom decided to send the former rector of the Tauride University and send a number of professors to Moscow at the disposal of the People's Commissariat of Education . The Commissioner of Crimean Higher Educational Establishments M. Gascinsky in a “political characterization” to the former rector pointed out: “Despite Vernadsky’s major scientific achievements, leaving him in Crimea is politically unacceptable .” February 23, 1921 Vernadsky with his family under heavy guard of the Cheka left Simferopol to Moscow ^[33] .

In mid-March 1921, the Vernadsky family returned to their homeland in Petrograd . V. I. Vernadsky headed the Meteorite Department of the Mineralogical Museum in Petrograd (1921-1939), the Radiochemical Laboratory, and KEPS ^[34] . He managed to organize an expedition of L. A. Kulik to Siberia, to the alleged site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite in 1908 .

On July 14, 1921, Vernadsky was arrested and sent to Shpalernaya prison . The next day, during interrogation, he realized that they were trying to accuse him of espionage. To the surprise of the guards, Vernadsky was soon released. It soon became clear that the president of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.P. Karpinsky and S.F. Oldenburg sent telegrams to Vladimir Lenin and the narcotic drug of education Anatoly Lunacharsky , after which Semashko and Lenin's assistant Kuzmin ordered to release Vernadsky. After being released at the invitation of Fersman, Vernadsky and his daughter went to Murmansk , where he participated in a comprehensive study of the Kola Peninsula, which resulted in a large article “Living matter in the chemistry of the sea” ^[35] .

Vernadsky participated in the creation in January 1922 of the Radium Institute , which he headed until 1939 . The Institute was formed by combining all the radiological institutions available at that time in Petrograd :

• Radium Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences
• Radium Department of the State Radiological and Radiological Institute
• Radiochemical laboratory
• Collegiums on the organization of a radium plant ^[36] .

In terms of scientific leadership, the new institute was subordinated to the radium mine and the recently created plant in Bondyug ( Tatarstan ). At this plant, V. G. Khlopin and M. A. Pasvik in December 1921 received the first highly enriched radium preparations in Russia. An integrated approach to the problem of radioactivity, characteristic of the founders of the institute, academicians Vernadsky ^[37] and Khlopin, predetermined the complex structure of the institute, based on a combination of physical, chemical and radio-geochemical studies.

Between 1922 and 1926, at the invitation of the president of the university, he was sent to France to give a course in geochemistry at the Sorbonne . He worked at the Museum of Natural History and the Curie Institute , where he studied parisium , a substance mistaken for a new radioactive element . Vernadsky’s fundamental work, Geochemistry , was published in French in Paris.

In 1915 - 1930 - Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces of Russia , was one of the founders of the GOELRO plan . The commission made a huge contribution to the geological study of the Soviet Union and the creation of its independent mineral resource base.

Upon returning from a business trip in 1926, he continued his creative independent work. He formulated the concept of the biological structure of the ocean, according to which, life in the ocean is concentrated in “films” - geographical boundary layers of various scales.

In 1927 he organized the Department of Living Matter at the USSR Academy of Sciences. However, the term " living matter " V. I. Vernadsky used in a sense different from the later works of O. B. Lepeshinskaya - as a combination of living organisms of the biosphere .

After the transfer of academic scientific institutions to Moscow in 1934, the Vernadsky settled in a small two-story mansion on the Arbat , occupying the second floor.

In the summer of 1935, Vladimir Ivanovich’s health deteriorated, and on the advice of a cardiologist, he went abroad for treatment in Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad) . After undergoing treatment, Vernadsky worked in Paris, London , and Germany. It was his last foreign business trip; in Europe, the breath of a future war was felt. Vernadsky last met his daughter Nina (1898-1967; married, Toll), who soon left Czechoslovakia for the United States , where she settled near New George (1887-1973), in New Haven . George Vernadsky back in 1927 received an invitation to the Department of Russian History at Yale University .

Vernadsky is working abroad on the book Scientific Thought as a Planetary Phenomenon, which was published only in 1977.

In 1936, to the 75th birthday of Vernadsky, under the editorship of Fersman, a collection (in 2 volumes) entitled “To Academician V. I. Vernadsky in Honor of the Fifty Years of Scientific and Pedagogical Activity” was published.

During the years of political repression, Vernadsky resigned from all administrative posts, remaining only a scientific consultant (so as not to participate in the "purges"). At the same time, he was elected a member of the geological-geographical, chemical, physical and mathematical departments of the Academy of Sciences. V.I. Vernadsky (as well as his associates A.E. Fersman and A.P. Karpinsky ) possessed colossal practical and theoretical experience in geology, which was necessary for the Soviet state in the development and extraction of minerals. In addition, even in those tragic times, Vernadsky had intercessors. When the geochemist A. M. Simorin, his student, was arrested, Vernadsky repeatedly wrote to the “bodies” and to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR , demanding the release of a “talented scientist, an excellent scientific worker.” Until the end of his life, Vernadsky continued to consider Simorin his employee, corresponded with him and refused to sign the order on his dismissal ^[11] .

V. I. Vernadsky published 473 scientific papers during his lifetime ^[39] . He founded a new science - biogeochemistry and made a huge contribution to geochemistry . From 1927 until his death he was director of the Biogeochemical Laboratory at the USSR Academy of Sciences . A talented teacher of a galaxy of Soviet geochemists.

Of the philosophical legacy of Vernadsky, the doctrine of the noosphere was best known; Vernadsky is also considered one of the main thinkers of the direction known as Russian cosmism .

Radium Project

January 16-18, 1910 at the Curie Institute (Paris) Vernadsky met with Lacroix.

On December 29, 1910, at a general meeting of the Academy of Sciences, Vernadsky made a lecture “Problems of the day in the field of radium,” which substantiated the need for a systematic study from the geological and mineralogical points of view of the manifestations of radioactivity in nature, which led to the creation of the Radium Commission in the same year ^{[40 ]} . In the same year, Vernadsky identified areas of possible occurrence of radium ores: the Caucasus , the Urals and the Ferghana Region . Geological studies carried out in the years 1911-1917 by the Academy of Sciences did not find deposits of radioactive elements in the Urals.

In the summer of 1940, at the initiative of Vernadsky, research on uranium for nuclear energy began .

V.I. Vernadsky died four months before the Victory, when less than a year remained before academician I.V. Kurchatov launched the first nuclear reactor in the USSR in Moscow and four and a half years before the triumph of Soviet nuclear physicists and the successful testing of the RSD- atomic bomb 1 ^[41] .

Evacuation

With the outbreak of war, the scientist was evacuated to Kazakhstan, lived and worked in the village of Burabay in the territory of the Borovoye sanatorium. The Vernadsky family, consisting of his wife Natalya Egorovna, the sister of the wife of the son Ekaterina Vladimirovna Ilyinskaya, himself, the secretary Anna Dmitrievna Shakhovskaya , the housekeeper Praskovya Kirillovna Kazakova, occupied half of the 37th dacha. Academics living in the village to overcome the resulting domestic deprivation created a public distribution bureau. In difficult times, outstanding scientists continued to work.

On January 18, 1942, Vernadsky made a report in the sanatorium library: "On the geological shells of the Earth as a planet." During the evacuation, he wrote a number of articles: “To British Natural Scientists”, together with ND Zelinsky (1941), “On the need to isolate and preserve pure heavy isotopes of natural radioactive processes” (1941), “Some Considerations on Meteoric Problems” (1941), “On the need for organized work on cosmic dust” (1941), “Determination of the water composition of metamorphic rocks and minerals” (1941), “On the geological significance of symmetry” (1942), “On the state of space in the geological phenomena of the Earth as a planet . Against the backdrop of the growth of science of the twentieth century "(1943)," A few words about the noosphere "(1943). In addition, he continued to work on the book “The chemical structure of the biosphere of the Earth and its environment” in 2 volumes. Together with Nadezhda Yegorovna, he selected materials for the future book, "Outlived and Changed Mind." During this period, he wrote articles on the history of science: “The thoughts of a naturalist on the organization of Slavic scientific work against the backdrop of world science”, “In memory of Professor Peter Andreevich Zemetchensky . 1856-1942 ”,“ Goethe as a naturalist ”,“ From memoirs. The first year of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. ”

On March 9, 1942, Academician Vernadsky sent a note “On the Organization of Scientific Work” addressed to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences V. L. Komarov , and on March 13, 1943, the need to restore the activities of the Uranium Commission.

On May 9, 1942, Vernadsky received a letter from the vice-chairman of the All-Slavic Committee of the USSR, Professor Zdenek Needla, asking him to write for Slavic readers living in England, America and Australia, an article on the topic: “Scientific relations of the Russian people with other Slavic peoples.” The letter also contained a request for Vernadsky’s participation in the work of the monthly journal of the All-Slavic Committee “Slavs” (ARAN, f. 518, op. 2, d. 52, p. 327). Vernadsky proposed another article, almost ready, entitled: "The thoughts of a naturalist on the organization of Slavic scientific work against the backdrop of world science" (there were no books or reference books in Borovoy to write the original article) and sent it to Moscow on June 11, 1942 ( ARAN, f. 518, op. 2, d. 52, l. 334).

On February 3, 1943, Natalya Egorovna, wife of V.I. Vernadsky , suddenly died. On the day of her death, Vernadsky wrote in his diary: “I owe Natasha all the good things in my life. We lived with her for 56 years soul to soul, thought to thought. ” ^[42] Vernadsky was very upset by this loss ^[43] and could not recover.

In 1943, on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of his birth “for many years of outstanding work in the field of science and technology,” V. I. Vernadsky was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree, the cash equivalent of which was distributed equally to the Defense Fund and to distressed employees and family members of the deceased and repressed colleagues.

Return to Moscow

In August 1943 he returned to Moscow from evacuation.

On December 25, 1944, V.I. Vernadsky suffered an extensive stroke , and on January 6, 1945, he died in Moscow.

He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow ^[44] .

In 1953, a tombstone was erected on the grave of the scientist (sculptor Vilensky, Zinovy ​​Moiseevich ).

Brother - Nicholas (1851-1874).

Sisters:

• Ekaterina Ivanovna Korolenko (1864-1910) - married Sergei Alexandrovich Korolenko in 1885.
• Olga Ivanovna Alekseeva (1864-1920) - died in 1920 with her husband, Kirk Alekseevich Alekseev.

In 1886, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky married ^[45] Natalia Yegorovna Staritskaya (1862 ^[46] —1943), with whom he lived for more than 56 years. The family had two children who emigrated in Soviet times, and eventually ended up in the United States :

• Son George (1887-1973), one of the leaders of the Eurasianism movement, became a famous Russian history scholar.
• Daughter Nina (1898-1986) - studied in Prague, married to archaeologist N.P. Toll (1894-1985), worked as a psychiatrist in the United States.
  • Granddaughter of Tatiana (1929-2004).

In the structure of the biosphere, Vernadsky identified seven types of matter:

1. Living;
2. Biogenic (arising from living or undergoing processing);
3. Inert (abiotic, educated outside of life);
4. Biocosal (arising at the junction of the living and nonliving; according to Vernadsky, the soil refers to biocosal);
5. The substance is in the stage of radioactive decay;
6. Scattered atoms;
7. Substances of space origin.

V.I. Vernadsky examined various hypotheses of panspermia in a historical context, he came to the conclusion only about the eternity of life during geological time ^[47] . Vernadsky distributed the methods and approaches of crystallography to the substance of living organisms. Living matter develops in real space, which has a certain structure, symmetry and asymmetry. The structure of matter corresponds to a certain space, and their diversity indicates the diversity of spaces. Thus, the living and the inert cannot have a common origin, they come from different spaces that are eternally nearby in space. For some time, Vernadsky linked the features of the space of living matter with its supposed non-Euclidean character, but for unclear reasons, abandoned this interpretation and began to explain the living space as a unity of space-time.

An important stage in the irreversible evolution of the biosphere, Vernadsky considered its transition to the stage of the noosphere .

The main prerequisites for the emergence of the noosphere :

1. The spread of Homo sapiens over the entire surface of the planet and its victory in competition with other species;
2. The development of planetary communication systems, the creation of a single information system for humanity;
3. The discovery of new energy sources such as atomic, after which human activity becomes an important geological force;
4. The victory of democracies and access to governing the masses;
5. The ever wider involvement of people in science, which also makes humanity a geological force.

Vernadsky’s work was characterized by historical optimism: in the irreversible development of scientific knowledge, he saw the only evidence of the existence of progress.

October 26, 1892 was elected provincial vowel of the Tambov province ^[48] .

In 1903 he participated in the constituent congress of the Liberation Union .

In 1904, he was a delegate to the Zemsky Congress , demanding the introduction of a constitution, civil liberties, and elections of the State Duma .

In 1905 he participated in the creation of the Constitutional Democratic (Cadet) Party and was a member of its Central Committee. He was a member of the State Council of the Russian Empire (1906, 1907-1911, 1915-1917) from the party, and in 1917 - the Provisional Government of Russia ( comrade Minister of Education). In May 1918 he left the Cadet Party.

In 1911 he received the rank of State Councilor .

Public views

In March 1914 he participated in the development of the political line of the Cadet Party on the "Ukrainian question." In response to the sharply negative attitude of the Cadet leader P. N. Milyukov, who in his speech to the State Duma on February 19, 1914 called any federal relations between Ukraine and Russia “a harmful and dangerous movement,” Vernadsky suggested that P. Miliukov wish to continue He did not deny autonomy and federalism in order to avoid a deep split in the party of constitutional democrats ^[49] . He took into account the position of Professor M. S. Grushevsky, the representative of the Ukrainian party organizations, expressed on this issue: “The principle of our autonomy is put forward for the time when there will be freedoms, and the next stage will be to ensure the federalist system. Ukrainians are seeking only that the Cadets they did not oppose federalism, but expressed their sympathy for autonomy ” ^[49] . In 1915-1916, Vernadsky wrote an article “The Ukrainian Question and Russian Society”, in which he formulated the principles of cultural-national autonomy of Ukraine within the framework of a single Russian state. He writes: “The Ukrainian intelligentsia expects from Russia full recognition <...> of the rights to national-cultural self-determination, that is, the right to free national work in the field of school, science, literature, public life; Ukrainians believe that it is in the interests of not only local Ukrainian, but also all-Russian culture not to put obstacles to their aspirations to Ukrainize local public and church-religious life, as well as local self-government. <...> Since the Ukrainian movement is organically and feeds on the roots of popular life, it will never fade away , and, consequently, a positive resolution of the Ukrainian question for a state that does not abandon the basic principles of the legal system is inevitable, and any delay or delay in this resolution only deepen the internal discord in the state, society and people. ” ^[50] Theoretically (in accordance with the party’s political line), being an opponent of the state independence of Ukraine, in practice Vernadsky made a huge contribution to The consolidation and development of the national Ukrainian spiritual culture is precisely within the framework of the state independence of Ukraine. Throughout his life, V.I. Vernadsky was able to become a tough pragmatist and a subtle diplomat in situations when it came to preserving and developing the scientific and cultural potential of Ukraine. So, for example, thanks to the dedication of Vernadsky, the Ukrainian Academy, headed by him, survived a five-fold change of power in Kiev in 1918-1919 and survived.

He is equally considered his compatriot in both Russia and Ukraine. He refused to accept Ukrainian citizenship from the hetman P. P. Skoropadsky ^[51] and considered himself a Russian person ^[51] , defended the unity of Russia and opposed the ideas of both Ukrainian independence and pro-Austrian and German ideas ^[51] .

He reacted negatively to the Ukrainianization campaign of the 1920-1930s, considering it violent. He called the language of Ukrainian signboards, as well as the works of Professor M. S. Grushevsky , nothing more than “ paganism ” ^[51] . Vernadsky considered his main cultural and social task to be the preservation of the dominant position of Russian culture in the UNR ^[51] , the unification of Ukrainians who cherish Russian culture, and the development of ties with Russian scientific institutions ^[51] .

V. I. Vernadsky and the Department for the Protection of Public Security and Order in Moscow (1890-1911)

The active socio-political activities of Academician V.I. Vernadsky attracted the attention of the Moscow Security Department (MOO), where the “Case” was instituted against him in 1890. The first document, which is a response to a request by the Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior about visitors to V.I. Vernadsky, is dated December 23 (GARF. F. 63.1890. D. 961). In the future, the “case” was replenished with several documents: a response from the Police Department (May 24, 1895) to a request from the Ministry of Public Education about the trustworthiness of V. I. Vernadsky’s wife, who wants to open a Sunday school; a description of the MPO to the Police Department at V.I. Vernadsky, who signed in 1898 an appeal on the creation of the Russian Mountain Society (GARF. F. 63. 1898. D. 480. L. 11-11 about) and other documents. On March 26, 1897, Colonel D.F. Trepov, the acting Moscow police chief , noted that Vernadsky had repeatedly drawn the attention of the Police Department through his activities. Since 1903, all correspondence between Academician Vernadsky and his wife has been monitored, and the house where they lived was under constant surveillance by the police. After the events of 1911, a special case was opened at the Imperial Moscow University in the Police Department “On professors and privat-docents who applied for dismissal from service.” (GARF. F. 63. Op. 31.1911. D. 224).

Personality

In 2016, Nezavisimaya Gazeta described it as: ^[52]

• Russian - by birth and genealogy (he refused to accept Ukrainian citizenship from the hetman P. P. Skoropadsky ^[51] and considered himself a Russian person);
• liberal - by culture;
• a truth-seeker, a righteous person, a human rights activist - in conscience, a categorical, moral imperative;
• internationalist - according to moral and political convictions, lifestyle and the nature of actions;
• passionary - in the emotional state;
• a resident of the Earth and Cosmos - according to attitude and outlook;
• a man of the noosphere, far ahead of his time;
• Vladimir’s great-grandfather was a participant in the National Wildlife War of B. Khmelnitsky.

• Order of St. Stanislav II degree (1901)
• Order of St. Anne III degree (1904)
• Order of St. Anne, II degree (1907)
• Medal “In memory of the reign of Emperor Alexander III ”
• Medal “In memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty”
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1943)
• The Stalin Prize of the I degree (1943) - “for many years of outstanding work in the field of science and technology” for 1942 (awarded in 1943).
• Certificate of honor of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in connection with the 25th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ^[53] .

V.I. Vernadsky was elected a member of various societies, organizations and associations. This membership confirms the breadth of his scientific interests and the public recognition of his merits ^{[54] [55]} :

Saint Petersburg :

• 1863 - was born in house number 11 on Millionnaya street ( Apartment building Zherebtsova );
• 1876-1881 - studied at the 1st St. Petersburg Classical Gymnasium on the corner of Kabinetskaya and Ivanovskaya Streets (since 1918 - house number 7 on Socialist Street);
• 1881-1897 - studied and worked at the Imperial St. Petersburg University on the University Embankment ;
• 1911-1914 - the house of M. D. Kornilov, Vasilyevsky Island, 14th line , 45;
• 1914-1934 - House of the Academy of Sciences, Vasilievsky Island, 7th line , 2.

Moscow :

• 1892-1911 - worked for 20 years at the Imperial Moscow University on Mokhovaya ^[56] ;
• 1897-1904 - Borisoglebsky Lane , outbuilding of house number 11 ^[57] ;
• 1910-1911 - M. Pirogovskaya street, 1. Moscow Higher Women's Courses , where V.I. taught Vernadsky;
• June 1912 - Marfino , the estate of I.I. Petrunkevich (Moscow region);
• August, 1943 - January 6, 1945 - Durnovsky Lane, 16.

Kiev :

• November 27, 1918 - st. Yaroslavov Val, 36. The building where the first meeting of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine took place;
• 1918-1919 - st. Tarasovskaya, 10. Here lived the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences V. I. Vernadsky;
• 1919-1920 - st. 54 Vladimirskaya, building of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, in which the President-Chairman of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences V.V. Vernadsky worked.

Poltava :

• June 20 - July 1, 1911 - Kellinovsky Prospekt, Yanovich’s house (rest with family);
• st. Nikolay Dmitriev, 8 - at this address is the house of the brother of his wife Vernadsky, in which he stayed while visiting Poltava, as evidenced by the memorial plaque ^[58] ;
• May, 1914 - the postal station Shishaki of the Mirgorod district of the Poltava province, Vernadsky's dacha;
• summer, 1916 - August, 1917 - a house in the old Ukrainian style (project of V. Krichevsky), located on Butova Gora, on the bank of the river. Psel (25 miles from the Great Sorochintsy ) ^[58] .

Crimea :

• summer, 1893 - family estate of philologist Pyotr Keppen in Karabakh (now - the village of Bondarenkovo);
• August, 1912 - Kereiz , Gaspra, the estate of I.I. Petrunkevich;
• winter, 1920 - “Mountain Slit”, summer residence of P. A. Bakunin (Yalta);
• May, 1920 - October, 1920 - outbuilding of the experimental pomological station (former Vorontsov Palace), Salgirka Park;
• November, 1920 - Simferopol, st. Hospital, 18;
• 1920 - Simferopol, st. Kiev, 46 - the building of a scientific laboratory, where V. I. Vernadsky conducted laboratory research;
• October, 1920 - February 13, 1921 - Simferopol, st. Pushkin, 18. The rector of the Tauride University V. I. Vernadsky worked in this building;
• November 4–9, 1920 - building on the street. Karl Liebkhnekht, 2, where the scientist made a plenary report at the VII Congress of the Taurida Scientific Association;
• 1920-1921 - Simferopol, st. Kurchatova, 32. The house where the rector of the Tauride University V. I. Vernadsky lived.

Kazakhstan :

• 1941-1943 - Borovoye village in the Kazakh SSR ^[59] .

France :

• April 1923 - Bourbon-Lancy, Villa du Rocher;
• October 1923 - 7, Rue Tullier, Paris V, home of A. V. Holstein, social activist, Bakunian, translator;
• September 1924 - Bourg la Reine (Seine) 4 Rue du Chemin de fer;
• between February 23 and 26, 1926 - Montmorency, Linden Tree Street, the house of Henri Bergson , where V. I. Vernadsky talked with the famous philosopher.

Miass :

• 1911-1917 - Shkolnaya street, 14, the school building, which housed the base of the radium expedition of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences under the direction of Academician V.I. Vernadsky.

The image of V.I. Vernadsky in cinema

A number of documentary and popular science films have been created about the life and work of the great scientist:

• “Life is a cosmic phenomenon” (USSR, 1988), director: Leonid Volkov;
• "The Law of Vernadsky" (USSR, 1983), director: Rolland Sergienko;
• “Vladimir Vernadsky”, from the series “Islands” (Russia, 2005), director: Vitaly Troyanovsky;
• “Secrets of forgotten victories. Illumination of Vernadsky ”(Russia, 2007), director: Oleg Ryabokhlyst;
• "Prophet. Episodes of the life of Academician V. I. Vernadsky ”(Russia, 2008), director: Alexey Kolesnikov ^{[60] [61]} ;
• "Vladimir Vernadsky. The atomic bomb for the Russian Tsar ”(Russia, 2013), director: Olga Drozdova ^[62] ;
• “The New Century of Vernadsky” (Russia, 2015), directors: Julia Kolesnik, Alexey Shutov ^[63] .

Two feature films were shot in the USSR:

• 1983 - “Target Choice” by scriptwriter and director Igor Talankin , in which film actor Sergei Kurilov played the role of academician Vernadsky;
• 1986 - Nabat at Dawn, screenwriter and director: Arkady Kordon. In the title role - actor of the Moscow Theater. Moscow City Council George Taratorkin .

Perpetuating memory in philately and bonistics

In February – October 1963, on the 100th anniversary of his birth, the postage stamp “Academician V. I. Vernadsky (1863-1945)” was issued in the series: “Scientists of our Motherland”; in 1971 - an envelope bearing the mark “International Geological Congress”; in 2003, to the 140th anniversary of V.I. Vernadsky, the Russian Post put into circulation an envelope with a stamp extinguished by special cancellation No. 33 w-2003, Tambov; in 2013 - an envelope with the stamp “150 years since the birth of V. I. Vernadsky (1863-1945), scientist, naturalist” ^[64] . February 28, 2013 Ukrposhta put into circulation postage stamp No. 1272 "Volodimir Vernadsky. 1863-1945 ” ^[65] , and on August 2, 2018 - an art envelope“ National Library of Ukraine named after V. Vernadsky. 100 years ” ^[66] .

On February 25, 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a jubilee coin in denomination of 1 ruble dedicated to the 130th anniversary of V. I. Vernadsky's birth “V. Vernadsky, 130 years since his birth” ^[67] .

On March 26, 2003, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin "Volodimir Vernadsky" in the series: "Special Features of Ukraine", face value - 2 hryvnia ^[68] .

On February 1, 2013, the Bank of Russia issued a commemorative silver coin with a face value of 2 rubles, dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of naturalist V. I. Vernadsky, the series “Outstanding Personalities of Russia” ^{[69] [70]} .

February 25, 2013 the National Bank of Ukraine introduced a commemorative coin from the series “Outstanding Personalities of Ukraine”, dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Vernadsky ^[71] .

On October 25, 2019, the National Bank of Ukraine enters into circulation a banknote of 1000 UAH. with the image of V.I. Vernadsky.

Named after V.I. Vernadsky

On March 30, 1956, one of Moscow avenues on which the V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry and some buildings of Moscow State University are located was named after V.I. Vernadsky (now the Western Administrative District ) ^[72] .

On October 24, 2004 in Chervonozavodsky district (Kharkov, Ukraine) one of the streets was named after V. I. Vernadsky ^[73] .

In the city of Orihiv, Zaporizhzhya Region (Ukraine), by order of the head of the Zaporizhzhya Regional State Administration dated February 6, 2017, No. 34, Timiryazev Street was renamed Akademik Vernadsky Street ^[74] .

On December 30, 1963, the metro station Prospekt Vernadskogo was opened in Moscow ^[75] .

Street named after V.I. Vernadsky in Mashgorodok (northern part), the city of Miass ^[76] .

In 1973, Vernadsky Street ( Svyatoshin , Kiev) was transformed into Vernadsky Boulevard ^[77] .

Since 1988, the National Library of Ukraine (one of the ten largest in the world) has been named after V. I. Vernadsky ^[78] .

In 1993, the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR received the name of its founder, V. I. Vernadsky.

In 2004, the Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “V.I. Vernadsky's House” was established ^[79] .

The Kiev specialized school No. 185 with in-depth study of physical and mathematical disciplines since 2009 bears the name of V. Vernadsky ^[80] .

In 2004, the Tambov State Technical and Michurinsky State Agrarian Universities created the association “V.I. Vernadsky Joint University” ^[81] .

Since 1993, the All-Russian Youth Readings named after V. I. Vernadsky, which are a comprehensive educational program, a form of network interaction between educational institutions, students, teachers and scientists from different regions of Russia ^[82] .

Within the framework of the All-Russian competition of youth research works named after V.I. Vernadsky, the Interdisciplinary Olympiad of schoolchildren named after V.I. Vernadsky is held ^[83] .

In 1985, the All-Union People's University of Biosphere Knowledge named after V. I. Vernadsky, headed by academician B. N. Laskorin ^[84] .

On August 1, 1995, at the Meeting of Founders of OAO Gazprom, a decision was made to create the V. I. Vernadsky Non-Governmental Environmental Fund ^[85] .

On March 20, 2015, the activity of the Association of Fellows of the Non-Governmental Environmental Fund named after V. I. Vernadsky was resumed ^[86] .

In 1988, in the historically first main building of the Radium Institute (Rentgen St., 1) in St. Petersburg, a museum was opened, which includes the Vernadsky-Khlopin Memorial Office and the Vernadsky Hall ^[87] .

In 1993, a special unit was organized at the Geochemistry Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , “The Scientific Heritage of V.I. Vernadsky and His School,” whose staff edited and prepared for publication manuscripts and diaries of V.I. Vernadsky, as well as preparing for the reprint of his works.

On May 20, 1953, the Cabinet-Museum of Academician V.I. Vernadsky was opened, which is a structural research unit of the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry named after V.I. Vernadsky RAS (GEOCHI RAS) ^{[88] [89]} .

In honor of Academician V. I. Vernadsky, two minerals are named ^[90] :

• Vernadite - found in metamorphosed sedimentary manganese ores in the Southern Urals. The product of the oxidation of calcium-containing rhodonites. Powdered ocher mass of dark brown or dark brown color. Associates with brownite, hematite, chalcedony, quartz, rhodonite, spessartine, piedmontite, psilomelan, pyrolusite.
• Vernadskit - pseudomorphosis of anlerite on dolerofanite. It is observed as a product of the interaction of acid fumarolls with dolerofanite on Vesuvius. It is described as an aggregate of pale green crystals associated with dolerophanite, anglesite, and conichalcite.

Vernadsky Mountain is a mountain subglacial system in East Antarctica , in the eastern part of the Queen Maud Land . Discovered in 1964 by the Soviet Antarctic expedition and named in honor of V. I. Vernadsky ^[91] .

In Crimea there are: karst cavity No. 407-2 on Babugan-Yayla , a hall in the Marble Cave on the lower plateau of the Chatyr-Dag massif, and a mud hill ^[92] .

The Vernadsky Mine is located 2.5 km from the town of Slyudyanka, on the right slope of the Uluntuy valley, at an altitude of 50-60 m. A natural monument. ( Siberian Federal District , Irkutsk Region , Slyudyansky District) ^[93] .

The mountain range in the north of Paramushir Island (Sakhalin Oblast) is named after Academician V. I. Vernadsky ^[94] .
The volcanic mountain of Vernadsky is located in the Indian Ocean (-1715 m; 4 ° 50 'N, 62 ° 10' E) ^[95] .

On September 29, 1968, the State Flag of the USSR was hoisted on the Academician Vernadsky research vessel ^[96] .

Awards and prizes established in memory of V. I. Vernadsky, in chronological sequence:

• In 1945, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Prizes named after academician V.I. Vernadsky were established: in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR - doctoral (1300 rubles per month) and graduate (800 rubles per month), at Moscow State University - two graduate students (800 rubles per month) .
• In March 1947, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR decided to transform the Laboratory of Geochemical Problems named after V. I. Vernadsky at the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry named after V. I. Vernadsky ^[97] .
• In 1980, the Mineralogical Museum of the Moscow Polytechnic Institute was named after V.I. Vernadsky (modern State Geological Museum named after V.I. Vernadsky RAS ) ^[98] .
• Since 1998, the Gold Medal named after V.I. Vernadsky . Awarded every three years ^[99] .
• In 1998, the International Interacademic Union approved the Order of the " Star of Vernadsky " I, II and III degree.
• July 9, 2003, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine established the Gold Medal named after V. I. Vernadsky for outstanding achievements in the field of natural, technical and social sciences ^[100] .
• In 2003, the European Geophysical Society (later - the European Union of Earth Sciences) established the Medal named after V. I. Vernadsky; awarded annually.
• In 2005, the International Union of Radioecology established the Gold Medal of V.I. Vernadsky, awarded once every 4 years by decision of the General Assembly of the MCP for his outstanding contribution to radioecology ^[101] .
• On March 2, 2007, the Tambov Region Prize named after V.I. Vernadsky was established for services to the conservation of natural resources, the development and development of low-waste and non-waste technologies, the construction of sewage treatment plants, and the conservation of flora and fauna; It is awarded to persons working in the field of environmental protection and rational nature management ^[102] .
• By order of the Federal Agency for Education dated March 21, 2007 No. 537, the Volgograd Polytechnic College was named after V. I. Vernadsky ^[103] .
• 2018 - By the decision of the session of the Poltava Regional Council of April 12, 2018 No. 672, the annual Prize of the Poltava Regional Council named after Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky was established ^[104] .

Monuments and boards

In 1988, a memorial plaque in honor of Academician V.I. Vernadsky was opened on the Main Building of Leningrad University, and his portrait is in the Memorial Gallery of prominent figures of science and culture, graduates of St. Petersburg University in the building of the Twelve Colleges ^[116] .

In 1990, at the building of the State Radium Institute. A memorial plaque was erected by V. G. Khlopin at 23 Kamennoostrovsky Prospect (Leningrad): “He worked here in 1922-1938. the great scientist, thinker, natural scientist, founder of the Radium Institute, academician Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky ” ^[117] . In 1949, on the building where V.I. Vernadsky lived (Leningrad, 1/2 Lieutenant Schmidt embankment ), a memorial plaque was installed ^[118] .

In September 2005, in the square to them. Oleg Babaev ( Kremenchug , Poltava region , Ukraine ) installed a bust of V.I. Vernadsky. Memorial of monumental art of local importance ^[119] .

In 2013, in the City Garden. A. S. Pushkin in the city of Chelyabinsk , an Alley was opened in honor of V. I. Vernadsky and a memorial stone was erected ^[120] .

On June 1, 2018, the V. I. Vernadsky Non-Governmental Environmental Fund inaugurated the bust of V. I. Vernadsky on the Alley of Russian Glory in the Smena All-Russian Children's Center ^[121] .

September 23, 2005 at the Vernadsky family estate ^[122] in s. The ascent (Vernadovka station) of the Pichaevsky district of the Tambov Region was opened by the V. I. Vernadsky Scientific Cultural and Educational Noosphere Center, ^[123] , and on May 5, 2011, a monument to V. I. Vernadsky ^{[124] was} unveiled.

• Already at the age of 5, Volodya Vernadsky read the fundamental book of V. N. Tatishchev “Russian History from the Most Ancient Times” .
• V. Vernadsky met his future wife in a group for the study and dissemination of folk literature in the winter of 1885 .
• Shakhovskoy, Vernadsky and Fedor Olenburg, members of the "Brotherhood", were jokingly called Shakhverburg - part of the surname was taken .
• V.I. Vernadsky confessed his love to N.E. Staritskaya on Trinity bridge across the Neva .
• The personal archive of V.I.Vernadsky contains 1586 letters with a volume of more than 2000 pages for 1886-1940 addressed to his wife Natalya Egorovna .

Of the 416 works published by Vernadsky during his lifetime ^[125], 100 are devoted to mineralogy; 70 - biochemistry; 50 - geochemistry; 43 - history of science; 29 - crystallography; 21 - radiology; 14 - soil science; 37 - organizations of science and history.

Among the scientific works that have been reprinted and translated into different languages ​​many times:

• Vernadsky V.I. Collected Works: in 24 vols. / Ed. E. M. Galimova . - M .: Nauka, 2013 .-- ISBN 978-5-02-038093-6 .
• Vernadsky V. I. Philosophical thoughts of a naturalist / USSR Academy of Sciences; Ed. call A. L. Yanshin , S. R. Mikulinsky , I. I. Mochalov; comp. M.S. Bastrakova et al. - M .: Nauka, 1988 .-- 520 p. - ISBN 5-02-003325-1 .
• Vernadsky V.I. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon / Otv. ed. A. L. Yanshin. - M .: Science, 1991.
• Vernadsky V.I. Biosphere and noosphere. - M .: Iris Press, 2012 .-- 576 p. - (Library of history and culture). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-8112-4512-3 .
• Vernadsky V.I.On science. Volume 1. Scientific knowledge. Scientific creativity. Scientific thought. - Dubna: Ed. Phoenix Center, 1997. —576 p.

• Agafonov V.K. Academician V.I. Vernadsky // Housewarming. - New York, 1946 .-- S. 129-146 .
• Agafonov V.K. Personal impressions and memories of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky // Essays on the history of the geology of knowledge. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1963. - Issue. 11 . - S. 107-123 .
• Aksenov G.P. Vernadsky. - 2nd ed .. - M .: Young Guard, 2010. - (ZhZL).
• Beckman I.N. Radium . - M .: Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov , 2010. - (Textbook). Archived September 26, 2015 on Wayback Machine
• Bulletin of the Commission for the Development of the Scientific Heritage of Academician V.I. Vernadsky. - 1988. - No. 3 .
• Vernadsky / V.V. Kazyutinsky // New Philosophical Encyclopedia : in 4 volumes / before. scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin . - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- 2816 p.
• Vernadsky V.I., Volkov V.P. Diaries 1935-1941 . - M .: Nauka , 2006. - T. 1. - S. 29. - 444 p. - 420 copies. - ISBN 5020337609 , 9785020337602.
• Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich // Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. Edition: L. F. Ilyichev , P. N. Fedoseev , S. M. Kovalev , V. G. Panov. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1983.- 840 p. - 15,000 copies.
• Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich // New Russian Encyclopedia . - M .: Encyclopedia, 2007 .-- T. 3 .-- S. 375.
• Vinogradov A.P. Brief description of scientific, pedagogical and social activities // Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky: (1863-1945). - M., L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947. - S. 6-16.
• Vladimir Vernadsky: Biography. Selected Works. Memoirs of contemporaries. Judgments of posterity / Comp. G.P. Aksyonov. - M .: Sovremennik , 1993 .-- 688 p. - ISBN 5-270-01747-4 .
• Galimov E. M. About Academician V. I. Vernadsky: on the 150th anniversary of his birth. - M .: Nauka , 2013 .-- 230 p. - ISBN 978-5-02-038489-7 .
• Galtseva, R.A., Kuznetsov, O.P. Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich // Philosophical Encyclopedia : in 5 volumes / ed. F.V. Konstantinova . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1960 .-- T. 1.
• Girich I. B. Middle Russia and Ukrainian shores. Volodimir Vernadsky and the National Nutrition (for the holy baptist 1917-1921 rock) (ua) // Mappa mundi. Zbіrnik naukovyh prac on the go-ahead of Yaroslav Dashkevich with the awesome 70-richchya. - Lviv, 1996 .-- S. 735-756 .
• Gumilevsky L.I. Vernadsky. - 3rd ed. - M .: Young Guard , 1988. - T. 6. - 255 p. - ( ZHZL ). - ISBN 5235002253 , 9785235002258.
• Dobrovolsky G.V. Semi-forgotten, but very important for soil science and the doctrine of the biosphere work of V.I. Vernadsky // Living and biocos systems. - Rostov-n / D: SFedU , 2013. - No. 2 . - ISSN 2308-9709 .
• Kaznacheev, V.P. Teaching of V.I. Vernadsky on the biosphere and noosphere . - Novosibirsk: Science. - 1989 p. - ISBN 5-02-029200-1 .
• Karako P.S. Philosophy and Methodology of Science: V.I. Vernadsky. The doctrine of the biosphere. - Minsk: Ecological perspective, 2007. - 208 p. - ISBN 985-469-188-8 .
• Mochalov I.I. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) / Resp. ed. Yu.A. Zhdanov . - M .: Nauka , 1982 .-- 488 p. - ( Scientific and biographical series ). - 16,500 copies.
• Scientific and social significance of the activities of V.I. Vernadsky: Sat. scientific tr / [USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology, Len. Dep., Komis. by developer. scientific Acad. Heritage V. I. Vernadsky]; Under the total. ed. A. L. Yanshina. - L .: Science: Flax. Department, 1989 .-- 416 p. - ISBN 5-02-025715-X .
• Petrosyants A. M. Atomic energy in science and industry. - M .: Energoatomizdat , 1984.
• Rosov, V. A. V. I. Vernadsky and Russian Orientalists. Thoughts - sources - letters . - SPb. : Heart, 1993 .-- 144 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-88143-006-9 .
• Rukshin S. E. Order “Star of Vernadsky” // Universum: Bulletin of Herzen University. - SPb. : Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen , 2007. - No. 2 . - S. 80-81 .
• Sorokin V. “There is nothing dearer, nicer than Molchanovka” // Science and Life : Journal. - 1986. - No. 10 . - S. 88 .
• Sorokina M. Yu . Vernadsky through the eyes of the royal secret police // Nature. 2003. No. 11. S.66-70.
• Chemical-biotic interactions and new in the doctrine of the biosphere of V.I. Vernadsky. - M .: MAKS-press, 2009. - (Science. Education. Innovation. Issue 10). - ISBN 978-5-317-03005-6 .
• Chronological index of works: [Compilers of the bibliography: Bebikh I. G., Zhidovinov S. N., Mateva G. I., Yanshina F. T. ] // Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. - M .: Nauka , 1992 .-- S. 33–87. - (Materials for the bio-bibliography of scientists).
• Shashukov E. A. V. I. Vernadsky and V. G. Khlopin: in a single spiritual field // Tr. Radium Institute of them. V. G. Khlopina. - M .: Radium Institute named after V.G. Khlopin, 2007. - T. XII . - S. 198-206 . Archived on September 25, 2013.
• Scherbak N.P. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. - 2nd ed., Ext. and reslave. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka , 1988 .-- 108 p. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-12-000441-5 .
• Yanshin A. L. , Yanshina F. T. Brief outline of scientific, pedagogical and scientific-organizational activities // Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. - M .: Nauka, 1992 .-- S. 11–32.

• Electronic Archive of V.I.Vernadsky - a collection of books and articles.
• Publications by V. I. Vernadsky - in the Scientific Library of Russia Digital Library
• Profile of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky on the official website of the RAS
• Diaries of V.I. Vernadsky (1926-1941)
• V. I. Vernadsky - Tambov State Technical University
• Competition Fund ; Gold medal named after V.I. Vernadsky RAS
• Tomb of Vernadsky at the Novodevichy cemetery
• V. I. Vernadsky is a scientist, statesman and public figure. Encyclopedia of Vernadsky (neopr.) (2012). Date of treatment January 11, 2013. Archived January 14, 2013.
• Vernadsky V.I. (neopr.) . Chronicle of Moscow University . Date of treatment November 10, 2017.
• Vernadsky V.I. (1863-1945). Death Mask / S. D. Merkurov House-Museum.
• " The reasons for the family tragedy, Vernadsky was looking for an act of his grandfather-priest." The newspaper "Arguments and Facts". May 16, 2018.