Goldansky, Vitaliy Iosifovich

Goldansky was born in Vitebsk , in 1928 his family moved to Leningrad ; grandson of Rabbi Joseph Abramovich Melamed . He studied at school number 2 of the Kuibyshev district (now school number 207 ). In 1939 he entered the chemistry department of Leningrad University . With the outbreak of World War II, he entered the student construction battalion , was injured, and survived a severe blockade winter . Then he was evacuated to Kazan , where he continued his studies, which was completed already in Moscow in 1944 . After this, Goldansky entered the graduate school of the Institute of Chemical Physics with N. N. Semenov , at the end of which he defended his thesis in 1947 . In 1952 - 1961 he worked at the Lebedev Physical Institute , in the laboratory of V.I. Veksler , was in charge of the sector, and in 1954 he defended his doctoral dissertation . In 1961, Goldansky returned to the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (later named after N. N. Semenov), headed the laboratory (since 1961 ), the department (since 1974 ), was the deputy director ( 1987 - 1988 ), and in 1988 - 1994 the director of the institute . At the same time he taught at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (since 1951 , as a professor - since 1956 ) and at the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University . From 1974 to 1985, he headed the Department of Physical Chemistry at the Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology. M.V. Lomonosov . Since 1994, Goldansky was Advisor to the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Goldansky conducted vigorous public activity, was the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the All-Union Society “Knowledge” ( 1964 - 1990 ), Vice-President of the International Union for Theoretical and Applied Physics ( 1984 - 1987 ), Chairman of the Russian Pugwash Committee ( 1987 - 2001 ), Deputy Chairman of the Committee scientists for global security, editor-in-chief of the journals “High Energy Chemistry” and “Chemical Physics”, member of the editorial board of the journal “Science and Life”, was elected People's Deputy of the USSR ( 1989 - 1991 ).

V.I. Goldanskii died on January 14, 2001 . He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow ^[2] .

He was married to the daughter of academician N. N. Semenov .

Cousin - Grigory Yakovlevich Shapiro ; uncle - Ilya Iosifovich Melamed .

Goldansky's scientific works are devoted to chemical physics , high-energy chemistry , nuclear chemistry and physics , elementary particle physics . His Ph.D. thesis was devoted to chemical catalysis , but then he switched to nuclear topics. He studied at the synchrocyclotron in Dubna the absorption and multiplication of high-energy neutrons in heavy targets. While working at the Lebedev Physical Institute, he experimentally discovered the phenomenon of hadron polarizability, studied the processes of photoproduction of p-mesons on hydrogen and Cherenkov emission of particles in the atmosphere ( 1954 , together with G. B. Zhdanov), expanded the possibilities of the correlation method for measuring the characteristics of nuclear reactions ( 1955 , together with M.I. Podgoretsky). Based on his theoretical developments, he predicted the existence and calculated the characteristics of a number of unstable isotopes .

In 1960, Goldansky predicted a new type of nuclear decay that occurs with the emission of pairs of nucleons - neutrons and protons (experimentally discovered in the United States in 1979 and 1982, respectively). Another phenomenon, predicted jointly with A.I. Larkin in 1967 , the nuclear effect of Josephson , was observed in 1974 - 1982 . A number of works are devoted to the study of the chemical properties of matter due to nuclear phenomena. In particular, the Mossbauer effect can be used to study the anisotropy of atomic motions in molecules (Goldansky-Karjagin effect) and crystals and single crystals in polycrystals , the dynamic properties of protein molecules , and the creation of gamma lasers based on Mössbauer transitions (together with Yu. M. Kagan ).

In 1970 - 1973, Goldansky showed the inapplicability of the classical Arrhenius law for the rates of chemical reactions at low temperatures: he discovered the quantum limit of the rate of reactions proceeding due to tunneling even near absolute zero . He is also known as the founder of the chemical physics of positron and positronium , showed the possibility of polymerization under the action of shock waves , which was recognized as a scientific discovery and entered in the USSR State Register of Discoveries under No. 125 with a priority of 1964 ^[3] In recent years, he has dealt with issues of prebiological evolution and, in particular, chirality in nature .

• medal "For the Defense of Leningrad" (1942)
• medal "For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1945)
• Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1945)
• medal "For Labor Valor" (1952)
• Prize D.I. Mendeleev (1966)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1967, 1973)
• Gold medal named after D.I. Mendeleev (1975) - for a series of works on the study and use of new phenomena in chemistry of low temperatures
• Order of the October Revolution (1975)
• Prize named after V. G. Khlopin (for 1977, together with V. P. Shantarovich ) - for a series of works on the chemistry of positronium
• Lenin Prize (1980)
• Karpinsky Prize (1983)
• Order of Lenin (1983)
• Humboldt Prize (1991)
• Century Award (1991)
• Order of Merit to the Fatherland, IV Degree (1995) ^[4]
• Gold medal named after N. N. Semenov (1996) - for a set of works in chemical physics, including chemical kinetics
• State Prize of the Russian Federation (2000)

Books

• V.I. Goldanskii, E.M. Leikin. Transformation of atomic nuclei. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1958.
• V.I. Goldanskii, A.V. Kutsenko, M.I. Podgoretsky. Counting statistics for registration of nuclear particles. - M.: Fizmatgiz , 1959.
• A.M. Baldin , V.I. Gol'danskii, I.L. Rosenthal . Kinematics of nuclear reactions. - M.: Fizmatgiz , 1959.
• V.I. Goldanskii. Mossbauer effect and its application in chemistry. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1963.
• V.I. Goldanskii. New elements in the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev. - 3rd ed. - M .: Atomizdat , 1964.
• V.I. Goldanskii. Physical chemistry of positron and positronium. - M .: Nauka , 1968.
• V. I. Goldansky, A. V. Dolenko, B. G. Egiazarov and others. Gamma resonance methods and devices for phase analysis of mineral raw materials. - M.: Atomizdat , 1974.

Some Articles

• IN AND. Goldansky. Nuclear transformations during bombardment by high energy particles. // Usp . - 1950. - T. 40 , No. 2 .
• A.L. Lyubimov, B.V. Medvedev, V.I. Goldansky. Scattering and absorption of high energy nucleons. Part 1. // Usp . - 1952. - T. 48 , No. 12 .
• A.L. Lyubimov, B.V. Medvedev, V.I. Goldansky. Scattering and absorption of high energy nucleons. Part 2. // Physics-Uspekhi . - 1953. - T. 49 , No. 1 .
• IN AND. Goldansky. New about element No. 102. // Usp . - 1959. - T. 67 , No. 1 .
• A.I. Baz, V.I. Goldansky, Ya.B. Zeldovich . Unopened isotopes of light nuclei. // Usp . - 1960. - T. 72 , No. 10 .
• IN AND. Goldansky, L.K. Peker. Some questions of the isomerism of atomic nuclei. // Usp . - 1961. - T. 73 , No. 4 .
• A.I. Baz, V.I. Goldansky, Ya.B. Zeldovich . The taxonomy of the lightest nuclei. // Usp . - 1965. - T. 85 , No. 3 .
• IN AND. Goldansky. TWO-PROTON RADIOACTIVITY (Prospects for detection and study). // Usp . - 1965. - T. 87 , No. 10 .
• IN AND. Goldansky. Research in the field of gamma resonance (Mössbauer) spectroscopy. // Usp . - 1966. - T. 89 , No. 7 .
• IN AND. Goldansky. Some new applications of physical methods in chemistry. // Usp . - 1970. - T. 100 , No. 4 .
• IN AND. Goldansky. On the connections of nuclear and chemical physics. // Usp . - 1976. - T. 118 , No. 2 .
• R.G. Vasilkov, V.I. Goldansky, V.V. Orlov. About electric bridging. // Usp . - 1983 .-- T. 139 , No. 3 .
• IN AND. Goldansky. About two-proton radioactivity. // Usp . - 1983. - T. 141 , No. 12 .
• IN AND. Goldansky, V.V. Kuzmin. Spontaneous breaking of mirror symmetry in nature and the origin of life. // Usp . - 1989. - T. 157 , No. 1 .
• V.A. Avetisov , V.I. Goldansky. Physical aspects of the violation of mirror symmetry of the bioorganic world. // Usp . - 1996. - T. 166 , No. 8 .
• Yu.F. Krupyansky , V.I. Goldansky. Dynamic properties and energy landscape of simple globular proteins. // Usp . - 2002. - T. 172 , No. 11 .

• Yu. A. Khramov . Physicists: Biographical Reference. - 2nd ed. - M .: Nauka, 1983 .-- S. 88.
• A.P. Alexandrov , Ya.B. Zeldovich , M.A. Markov , Semenov N.N. , V.Ya. Frenkel , Yu.B. Hariton , N.M. Emanuel VITALY IOSIFOVICH GOLDANSKY (on his sixtieth birthday). // Usp . - 1983. - T. 140 , No. 6 .
• A.P. Alexandrov , J.I. Alferov , S.T. Belyaev , A.S. Borovik-Romanov , A.L. Buchachenko , Yu.M. Kagan , Yu.A. Osipyan , A.N. Skrinsky , Yu.B. Hariton . Vitaliy Iosifovich Goldansky (on his seventieth birthday). // Usp . - 1993. - T. 163 , No. 8 .

• Hramov Yu. A. Gol'danskii Vitaliy Iosifovich // Physicists: Biographical Reference / Ed. A.I. Akhiezer . - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M .: Nauka , 1983 .-- S. 88 .-- 400 p. - 200,000 copies. (in per.)
• Biography of V. I. Goldansky
• Profile of Vitaliy Iosifovich Goldansky on the official website of the RAS