Kungur

The name of the city was given by the Kungurka River, which flows into Irena at the site of the construction of the first prison. The hydronym could arise under the influence of significant development of karst phenomena in the vicinity of the city. In this case, the name may be associated with the Turkic Unkur or Ungur (cave, gorge, gap in the rocks) ^[3] .

For the first time, the foundation of Kungur was mentioned in 1623 , but V. N. Shishonko in his “Perm Chronicle” believes that “the stated statement should not be given any significance ”, because it is based not on documents, but “ on only a private person’s record ” ^{[ 2]} . The city was founded in 1648 on the “ empty land bought by Russian people from the Irensky Tatars ” by the Cherdyn and Solikamsk governors: the Duma nobleman Prokof Elizarov , the stolniks - Prince Peter Prozorovsky and Semeon Kondyrev ^{[2] [4]} . The place for foundation was chosen 2 miles from the confluence of the Kungurka river in Iren , where the village of Stary Posad (now the village of Troitsk) is located, which is 17 miles south of the present Kungur. The city was rebuilt in 1649 by immigrants from Cherdyn and Solikamsk , who later came from Vyatka , Kaygorod , Solvychegodsk and Ustyug ^[2] . To settle Kungur, a detachment of the Solikamsk governor Prokopiy Elizarov conducted a search for fugitive peasants in the estates and monasteries of Solikamsk district in 1647–1648 ^[5] . As a result, in 1648, 385 families of runaway peasants, lodgings, and posad (1222 male souls) were taken to the Iren River, providing each of them with a land plot and exemption from tax for 3 years ^[5] .

In 1662, a Bashkir uprising broke out (the Bashkir uprising (1662–1664) , dissatisfied with the deceit on the part of the Russians who bought the land, and the abuse of officials in the collection of yasak . ^[2] Kungur, which at that time was estimated at 58 ^[2] up to 96 yards ^[6] , was taken and devastated by the Tatars and Bashkirs on Ilyin’s day . “ After this pogrom ” only those who survived buried in the surrounding forests and caves along the banks of Ireni and Sylva survived ^[2] .

The surviving residents in the petition to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich asked that same year to allow them to build a new fortress, because " ... they don’t dare to settle from the Tatars and Bashkirs, because they have no prison and guns on Kungur. " In response, a letter came in, telling " ... on Kungur, finding a place where to support, and to arrange wards in the supports " ^[6] . In 1663, Kungur was laid again, but already in a new place, where before it was the village of Mys ^[2] or Mysovskoye ^[6] . From the south and southwest near the hill where the city was built, Iren flowed, from the north - Sylva . A high and steep climb represented a natural defense during an attack. From 1673 to 1675, the Kungur was surrounded with wooden Kremlin in exchange for the former fortress, in which 8 towers were built, two of which - Spasskaya and Tikhvinskaya - were equipped with gates and were driveways. The height of the Kremlin walls in other places reached three fathoms (approx. 6.5 m) ^{[2] [6]} .

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  Plan of the Kungur cave, in the 1768 edition

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  City plan of 1829

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  The elevated part of Kungur, where his prison was located. Visible Tikhvin temple

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  Blagoveshchensky cathedral

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  Magistrate (now: Museum of Local Lore) - on the right, Small Gostiny Dvor (merchant Gribushin) - on the left

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  The obelisk in honor of the victory over Pugachev. Before him is the Alekseevskaya Church, behind - the former city government

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  City Library K. T. Khlebnikova

In 1703, Semyon Remezov , a well-known Siberian cartographer, drew drawings of Kungur and the county surrounding the city. In the same year, Kungur was besieged by ascribed peasants, dissatisfied with the Verkhotursk voivode who had arrived in the city. The siege lasted a week - from July 17 to 23 ^[7] . The following year, 1704 , in Kungur they completed the construction and consecrated the first stone church in the village - the Annunciation. The temple was popular in the literal sense of the word — 25 kopecks were collected from each citizen for its erection — which did not prevent it from being blown up in the late 30s for the construction of the Defense Palace ^[6] . The latter was never built.

In 1720, the first 140 leathers were made in the city, and in 1724 a tannery was opened, engaged in the production of yuft . Initially, tanneries were located in the upper part of Kungur, and only at the beginning of the XIX century. they were transferred to the lower city, for the leather lock and their washing spoiled the water in Sylva, making it unsuitable for drinking. In addition, over Kungur stood " ... everywhere the smell of leathers, a visible matter that the city lives this " ^[6] . In the same 1720. Vasily Tatishchev opened the Mountain Chancellery in Kungur, in 1725 renamed the Kungur bergamt , and in 1721 - the first Ural mining factory. Kungur becomes the center of the mining district , and in 1737 the provincial administration was transferred to the city from Solikamsk .

In 1770, the famous traveler Dr. Lepokhin visited Kungur on his expedition, finding that the city Kremlin was “ deliberately dilapidated ” and the city itself was all wooden, with the exception of six churches and a “ pretty built ” stone town hall ^[8] .

At the very beginning of 1774, Tatar, Bashkir and rebel Cossack detachments of Pugachev approached Kungur under the command of Salavat Yulaev and Ivan Kuznetsov with a total number of about 11 thousand ^[9] . The Kungur voivode , on December 27, 1773 ( January 7, 1774 ), fled with all the officials to the Stroganovs to the Stroganovs , for which he was subsequently deprived of ranks and sent to Vyatka. The burgomaster Philip Krotov and the president of the magistrate, Ivan Khlebnikov, engaged in the organization of defense, who completely armed the townspeople and turned to the surrounding cities for help ^[6] . Militarily, the defense was led by second-major Alexander Papov ^[9] , who ended up in Kungur on recruitment issues. He returned Captain Ryleyev from the march with 376 recruits and 12 old soldiers. The city also arrived: 50 Cossacks from the Yugovsky factories with artillery and 100 Cossacks with 2 guns from Yekaterinburg - under the command of Lieutenant Posokhov. Second major Papov repelled four assaults: on January 4, 5, 9 and 23, undertaken from various directions, for which he was subsequently granted the rank of lieutenant colonel by the Empress . Before the last assault, second-major Gagrin with 200 soldiers came to the city from Kazan, and Nikonov with 170 soldiers from Yekaterinburg . The rebels fled. After the Pugachev events, in 1775, F. Krotov and the merchant Emelyan Khlebnikov received swords, and Kungur was forgiven for arrears of 5069 rubles. 95 kopecks ^[6]

In 1786, Kungur from the center of the Perm province was transformed into the county town of Perm governorate, and after renaming in 1797 it became the center of the Kungur district of the Perm province ^[10] . In 1783, improvement of the Siberian Highway came to the city, along which Alexander Radishchev arrived on the road to exile in Kungur in 1790. For a period from November 28 to December 4, he stayed in the governor's house. About Kungur wrote like this:

In 1837, Vasily Zhukovsky visited Kungur, accompanying the future Emperor Alexander II on his study tour in Russia ^[6] . In 1840, the first public library in the city was opened in Kungur, composed of books by Kirill Khlebnikov , a researcher of Kamchatka and Russian America , donated to the city. In the same year, the merchant Alexey Gubkin founded tea trade in Kungur, which, through the efforts of him and other Kungur entrepreneurs, soon turned the city into a large center for the wholesale of tea ^[6] .

Visiting Kungur in 1875 V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko noted ^[11] :

Kungur plays a huge role in the trade of this region. This is hardly the richest city. One listing of firms is enough for him to get some idea of ​​the importance of Kungur in the Perm province. <...> Kungur is mainly a merchant city. Everyone here lives on what the merchant will give. He sets the tone for the city; he is the first in both city and zemstvo governments. In the club, officials are grinning before him, in the cathedral the priest pronounces brief words about his good deeds. Petty bourgeois look him in the eye and take off their hats from afar.

In July 1877, Alexey Gubkin opened a technical school in the city of Kungur, at which there were mechanical workshops, which served after the events of 1917 as the basis for the creation of the Kungur engineering plant. In 1887, an urgent passenger shipping company was arranged between Perm and Kungur along the Kama , Chusova and Sylva rivers, and in 1909 the Kungur railway station was opened on the Perm - Yekaterinburg section, which is an integral part of the Trans-Siberian Railway . In the same 1909, the city water supply system and the museum of local lore began to function. Two years earlier, in 1907, telephone communications appeared in Kungur ^[6] .

Before the First World War , in 1913, electric lighting and cinema were arranged in the city - the Olympus wooden cinema, which changed its names in Soviet times: first to Proletary and then to Zvyozdochka. Subsequently demolished. In 1914, Alexander Khlebnikov opened the Kungursky Ice Cave for inspection, where on July 13 of that year, Victoria von Battenberg , the sister of Empress Alexandra Fedorovna , and her daughter Louise visited. After 18 days, the war began.

On October 28 ( November 10 ), 1917 , Soviet power was established in Kungur ^{[12] [13]} . On October 30, pogroms of “counterrevolutionaries” took place in the city ^[14] , and in the winter of 1918 a detachment of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission from Perm arrived under the leadership of Alexander Borchaninov ^[6] . The first killings took place on the night of February 6: the Ageev family ^{[6] [14]} was shot " for participating in a conspiracy against the Soviet regime " ^[6] . In April and September – October of the same year, several more serial executions of citizens - “ enemies of the Soviet power ” took place, and since June 27, 1918, the local, Kungurskaya, Extraordinary Commission ^[15] was engaged in executions in the city.

In the battles with the White Guards near the city of Kungur, the 30th Infantry Division of the 3rd Army of the Eastern Front of the RSFSR distinguished itself, which for seven days held a circular defense , holding back the superior troops of General Gaida.

Units of the Yekaterinburg group of troops of the Siberian Army , which occupied Kungur on December 21, 1918, under the command of Major General Radola Gaida , found in the barrack, opposite the out-of-town prison, “ 38 unidentified corpses ” ^[14] . On July 1, 1919, the city was taken by units of the Red Army ^[13] . A significant number of middle-class citizens were evacuated with whites ^[16] .

In 1921, the city newspaper Iskra ^[13] began to be published in Kungur, the publication of which continues to this day. In 1928, a slaughterhouse was built near the city, on the basis of which a small meat processing plant arose, now grown and bearing the name of Kungursky Meat Processing Plant LLC ^[17] , and in the early 1930s. Kungursky dairy factory, now called OJSC Kungursky Milk Plant, was created from the enterprises of the Rizagotkontory and the Syromprom of the Rosglavmoloko trust ^[18] . In 1931, the mechanical workshops of the Kungur Technical School were transformed into a mechanical school-factory, which since 1933 began production of excavators of various modifications. Since 1943, it specializes in the production of drilling and oilfield equipment and now bears the name of OJSC Kungursky Machine-Building Plant ^[19] .

With the outbreak of World War II, the city ​​switched to the production of military products, which were produced by local factories and plants evacuated from Odessa , Kramatorsk and Tuapse . At the front, 25 thousand citizens fought. In memory of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps brigade formed in Kungur in 1943, the T-34 tank was installed on Victory Square ^[13] .

In 1970, Kungur was included in the list of historical cities of Russia ^[13] . Since July 2002, the “ Sky Fair ”, an aeronautics festival, began to be held annually in Kungur, where you can see many balloons of various designs.

The city is located in the north of the Kungur forest-steppe , a kind of natural complex, where the broad-leaved spruce forest and steppe vegetation are fancifully combined. The richness of steppe, forest, meadow plant species is complemented by a wide representation of relics , endemics . The relief within the city is rugged, the underlying strata are composed of soft rocks - limestone , anhydrite , gypsum , karst phenomena are developed. All this complicates the construction within the city. On the territory of the city there is a unique geological monument - Kungur Ice Cave - one of the largest karst caves in the European part of Russia (5600 m long, 60 lakes).

The city is located on the banks of the Sylva River and the Ireni and Shakva Rivers flowing into it. The waters of these rivers are characterized by a high saturation with carbonic salts of calcium, magnesium (especially the Iren River), which limits the possibilities of their consumption in everyday life and on the farm. Many enterprises use groundwater for their needs. Rapid snowmelt often leads to flooding. In the city, water rises by 5-7 m.

As of January 1, 2019, in terms of population, the city was on the 248th place out of 1,115 ^[39] cities of the Russian Federation ^[40] .

The population of the city is stable and has not been growing in recent years. The outflow of population from the city is fully compensated by migrations from neighboring territories and natural growth. The parameters of the age and sex structure correspond to the average regional level. The share of the able-bodied population is 57.6%, older than the able-bodied population - 17.3%. The average age is 33.9 years. The average annual number of workers and employees is 35.8 thousand people. Provision of specialists with higher and secondary specialized education in the city is higher than in rural areas.

National composition

Russians predominate (over 90%), however, Bashkirs , Tatars and other nationalities also live in the city. The level of labor supply is high. The city stands out among other cities of the region with a high proportion of the population with higher and secondary specialized education and at the same time a significant number of people with primary and without education.

There are no city-forming enterprises in Kungur. The number of organizations in the city is growing due to small businesses, of which 70% are individual entrepreneurs.

The city is implementing a city targeted program to support entrepreneurs.

The economic characteristics of the city of Kungur are determined by the following factors:

• the development of the city of Kungur, as the center of the agricultural region. Currently, 2 large enterprises that were the main taxpayers to the city budget of Kungur have closed.

These are JSC “Kungur Obuv” and JSC “Kungur Machine-Building Plant”. Both enterprises ceased their activity, but the leather and footwear production, which had about 300 years of history, ceased to exist. KMZ (Kungursky Machine-Building Plant) is now in bankruptcy proceedings. Virtually all equipment was exported and sold for scrap. Продолжают работать редприятия по переработке сельскохозяйственной продукции: Кунгурский молочный комбинат, мясокомбинат, мелькомбинат; варит пиво местный пивзавод.

Обработкой поделочного камня занимается завод художественных изделий. Товары народного потребления производят: фабрика музыкальных изделий АМИСТАР (выпуск гитар), лесомебельный комбинат, швейная фабрика и др. В городе работают строительные транспортные организации, ремонтно-механический завод, завод Металлист выпускает скобяные изделия, мебельную фурнитуру.

Город также является центром топливно-энергетического хозяйства юго-востока, нефтедобычи, производства и распределения энергии.

По объему отгруженной продукции 72,9 % в 2015 году принадлежит пищевой отрасли. В состав пищевой отрасли входят ООО МПЗ «Телец», ОАО «Молкомбинат «Кунгурский», ООО "Мясокомбинат "Кунгурский". На этих предприятиях мясной промышленности выпускают ассортимент изделий из птицы, свинины и говядины и птицы.

На мясокомбинате "Кунгурский" выпускается около 150 видов мясных и колбасных изделий. В сутки комбинат производит 150 тонн продукции, а за год — до 20 тыс. тонн. В 2015 году здесь работало около 920 человек. С 2013 года на комбинате стали выпускать мясные полуфабрикаты ^[41] .

Предприятие Мясоперабатывающий завод «Телец» было основано в 2000 году как колбасный цех. В 2006 году оно стало мясоперерабатывающим заводом ^[42] . МПЗ «Телец» принадлежит тринадцать фирменных магазинов, он поставляет продукцию по Пермскому краю. Ассортимент продукции его продукции включает в себя более 300 видов колбасных изделий и полуфабрикатов.

ОАО «Молкомбинат «Кунгурский» занимается переработкой молока. Предприятие оснастило свое производство оборудованием европейских фирм с полной автоматизацией производства ^[43] .

В городе развивается производство гипсовых изделий, используемых в строительстве. Отрасль представляет предприятие ООО "КНАУФ ГИПС КУНГУР".

Предприятие машиностроительной отрасли — ОАО «Кунгурский машзавод» занималось производством нефтепромыслового оборудования — буровых агрегатов грузоподъемностью 125 тонн, мобильных буровых установок грузоподъемностью 140-250 тонн. ^{[44] [45]}

Кунгур имеет экономические связи с районами Пермской области, Урала, России и зарубежными странами.

По данным Пермьстата в 2015 году среднемесячная заработная плата по городу Кунгуру на одного работающего составила 27055,96 рублей. За 2015 год предприятиями основных промышленных отраслей города произведено продукции на 8,83 млрд. рублей.

Кунгур — крупный транспортный узел, через который проходят дороги федерального ( Р242 ) и краевого ( Р343 ) значения. В городе действует железнодорожная станция Транссибирской магистрали .

Исторически Кунгур был узлом путей сообщения в Доуралье ^[46] . Через город проходил известный Сибирский тракт . Гороблагодатский тракт связывал Кунгур с Осой и с Гороблагодатскими заводами , а Бирский тракт — с городами Бирск , Уфа .

Orthodoxy

Действующие православные храмы:

• Церковь Тихвинской иконы Божьей Матери
• Малая Алексеевская церковь
• Всехсвятская церковь
• Успенская церковь
• Свято-Никольский храм
• Спасо-Преображенская церковь

Islam

• Кунгурская мечеть (махалля)

• Особняк Ковалева
• Городская управа
• Gostiny Dvor
• Дом Ануфриевой
• Дом Грибушина
• Малый Гостиный двор
• Особняк Софронова
• Особняк Хлебниковых
• Обелиск от войск Пугачёва
• Особняк Дубинина
• Особняк Щербакова
• Кунгурское техническое училище Губкина
• Кунгурское городское четырёхклассное училище
• Елизаветинская рукодельная школа
• Особняк Кузнецова
• « Пуп Земли »

• Краеведческий музей
• Музей истории купечества
• Художественный музей
• Музей семьи Грибушиных
• Музей камня в Кунгурском государственном художественно-промышленном колледже

• Ледяная гора и Кунгурская ледяная пещера , историко-природный комплекс регионального значения. Объединяет обширную систему подземных карстовых пустот и расположенный над ними участок с провальными воронками и реликтовой растительностью. Заповедник находится на окраине старинного уральского города Кунгура, в юго-восточной части платообразной возвышенности, называемой Ледяная гора. Ледяная гора вытянулась с северо-востока на юго-запад между Сылвой и её притоком Шаквой , возвышаясь до 90 м над уровнем рек и вклиниваясь в городскую территорию. ^[47]

• Международный фестиваль воздухоплавания «Небесная ярмарка» . фестиваль состоит из спортивной части и «Воздушных баталий». В первой части воздухоплаватели борются за личное первенство. Вторая часть — это командные состязания. ^[48]

• Аркадий (Ершов) (1878—1937) — епископ Кунгурский, архиепископ Свердловский и Ирбитский. Причислен к лику святых Русской православной церкви.
• Ашихмин Валерий Николаевич (род. 1961) — преподаватель ПГТУ, специалист в области механики и численных методов, автор учебных пособий по математическому моделированию и программированию.
• Будрина Агата Григорьевна (1927—1999) — искусствовед, краевед и музейный работник.
• Грибушин Михаил Иванович (1832—1889) — российский предприниматель, меценат и общественный деятель.
• Грибушин Михаил Михайлович (1871—1915) — российский предприниматель, меценат и общественный деятель.
• Грибушин Сергей Михайлович (1870—1915) — российский предприниматель, меценат и общественный деятель.
• Гридягин Николай Николаевич (1953—1982) — насильник, убийца, Кунгурский монстр .
• Губкин Алексей Семёнович (1815—1889) — российский купец-чаеторговец. Основатель чайной компании «Губкин, Кузнецов и К», благотворитель и меценат.
• Дубровин Александр Иванович (1855—1921) — российский политик начала XX века , лидер Союза русского народа , депутат II, III, IV Государственной думы, монархист.
• Калачников Юрий Николаевич (1928—1998) — конструктор артиллерийских систем, преподаватель ПГТУ .
• Красильников, Дмитрий Георгиевич (род. 1971) — политолог, проректор Пермского государственного университета.
• Микушев, Георгий Николаевич (1898—1941) — советский военачальник, генерал-майор РККА .
• Нюркаева, Анна Захаровна (1927—2003) — доктор исторических наук, профессор Пермского государственного университета.
• Осповат Лев Самойлович (1922—2009) — российский литературный критик и литературовед.
• Пахомов Юрий Николаевич (род. 1928) — украинский экономист, академик НАН Украины .
• Попов Михаил Абрамович (1753—1811) — российский купец, первый городской голова Перми.
• Попов Пётр Абрамович (1755—1806) — российский купец, городской голова Перми.
• Рябинин Борис Степанович (1911—1990) — русский советский писатель.
• Стинский, Борис Владимирович (род. 1946) — русский и украинский хирург-травматолог, ученик Г. Илизарова, крупнейший специалист по эндопротезированию суставов. Живёт и работает в городе Енакиево Донецкой области.
• Фрунтов Рудольф Юрьевич (1942—2015) — советский и российский кинорежиссёр, сценарист и продюсер, заслуженный артист Российской Федерации (2014).
• Хлебников Кирилл Тимофеевич (1784—1838) — российский купец, путешественник, писатель.
• Черепанов Сергей Александрович (1881—1918) — российский революционер.
• Шестаков, Сергей Михайлович (1905—1983) — начальник отдела по руководству военными комендатурами 1-го Белорусского фронта, впоследствии начальник организационно-учётного отдела Советской Военной Администрации в Германии.

• Андреевский, Николай Ефимович
• Грибушин Михаил Иванович
• Губкин, Алексей Семёнович
• Кузнецов, Григорий Кириллович
• Кузнецов, Александр Григорьевич
• Лукин, Вячеслав Семёнович
• Мейер, Яков Андреевич
• Скурский, Фёдор Фёдорович
• Степанов, Геннадий Леонидович
• Яцкевич, Пётр Николаевич
• Бартов, Борис Степанович
• Попов, Николай Иванович

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  Никольский храм

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  Успенский храм

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  Часовня на центральной площади (Алексеевская церковь)

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  Тихвинская церковь

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  Преображенский собор

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  Памятник А. С. Губкину

• В фильме 1972 года « Приваловские миллионы ». Показан гостиный двор, возможно окрестности города.
• В фильме 1984 года « Один и без оружия ». Показан гостиный двор и его окрестности.
• В фильме 1986 года «Покушение на ГОЭЛРО» ^[49]
• В фильме 1989 года «Перед рассветом ^[50] »
• В фильме 1987 года « Мой боевой расчёт ». Показано здание ж/д вокзала.
• В фильме 2012 года « Золото ».
• В короткометражном фильме «Тайна Кунгурской пещеры» ^[51]
• В сериале 2017 года « Отчий берег ». Показана церковь Иоанна Предтечи, и др.

Газеты

Двумя крупнейшими изданиями Кунгура является общественно-политическая газета «Искра» [1] и районная газета «Новости Кунгурского края» (в электронном виде представлена на ресурсе «Кунгур-край.ru» [2] ).

Television

Телевидение представлено двумя каналами: «КунгурТВ» (городской) [3] и районный «КРай-ТВ». С 26 декабря 2013 года на 31 ДМВ -канале ведётся цифровое эфирное телевещание первого мультиплекса РТРС-1 ^{[52] [53]} .

С ноября 2014 года на 51 ДМВ-канале ведётся цифровое эфирное телевещание второго мультиплекса РТРС-2 ^[54] .

Цифровое эфирное телевещание в Кунгуре ведётся филиалом РТРС «Пермский КРТПЦ» в стандарте DVB-T2 .

Broadcasting

• NRJ 90,4 МГц
• Радио Дача 91,0 МГц
• Первое Кунгурское радио ^[55] 100,3 МГц
• Comedy Radio 101,3 МГц
• Европа Плюс 101,7 МГц
• Love Radio 102,3 МГц
• Новое радио 103,4 МГц
• Радио Хит 103,8 МГц
• Радио Шансон 104,5 МГц
• Такси FM 106,4 МГц
• Кунгур FM 106,9 МГц
• Авторадио 107,6 МГц

• Экономика Кунгура

•   Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kungur * Kungur city
• The official website of the administration of the city of Kungur
• Ancient photos of the city of Kungur
• Kungur in the encyclopedia "My city"
• Kungur Orthodox
• The history of the coat of arms of Kungur
• History and Genealogy of Kungur
• Kungur in the Western media: the end of the XIX century. - 2011