Ichma (more correctly ichsma ) is the indigenous culture and state of South America. The ichsma culture preceded the Inca culture on the coast of Peru . Having arisen in the Lurin Valley south of Lima, ichsma then spread northward to the Rimak Valley.
Content
History
With the collapse of the Power of Ouari , several small kingdoms and religious-tribal unions arose. With the passage of time, two cultures began to dominate on the coast of Peru, Chankai to the north of Lima, and ichsma to the south.
The Ichsma people (the Incas called them Ichma, the Spaniards of Ichmas) inhabited the coastal areas near Lima after the collapse of the State of Huari . The assumption that Ichsma spoke the Aymara language is unlikely.
Politics ichsma - the state of Ichsmay (Ichmay) was formed around 1100 BC. e. It became the main political entity of the Central coast of Peru for the entire Late Intermediate period (900-1470). The settlements of two neighboring regions - in the valleys of the Lurin and Rimak rivers - were subordinate to Ichsmay. Between 1440 and 1470, Ichsmai was absorbed by the Inca Power . [one]
The capital of Ichsma was the city of Ichsma (Ichma), named after the god of the same name. Icsma was later renamed by the Incas to Pachacamac . As the capital of ichsma, this important cult city continued its growth, increased influence and became an important pilgrimage site.
Historians suggest that the ichma elite had hereditary dynastic power, since the ruler was buried after death in a pyramid along with prestigious objects and victims (including human ones), after which the pyramid was abandoned and a new one was built. Icsma built at least 16 pyramids in their capital. That says about the number of rulers.
Ichsma also built or rebuilt structures in the Lima area. Among them: Huaca Uantille in the Magdalena del Mar area; Huaca Mateo Salado in Lima, in the Pueblo Libre area; Uaka San Borja in the San Borja area; Huaca San Miguel, in the ancient city of Maranga in the San Miguel area. Archaeological sites discovered in Puruchuko and Cayamacuilla are also attributed to this culture. [one]
The state of Ichmai was integrated into the Inca Power on a voluntary basis. The recognition of the Inca power by Tupac Yupanka gave Pachacamac a number of privileges. As part of the Inshan state, the city retained political autonomy (as, for example, Chan-Chan ) and turned into one of the most important all-empire shrines.
Archeology
A number of cultural and human remains were found in various Ichma settlements. At least 9 mummies were found in Huaca Uantilla, buried with pottery and jewelry made of copper , silver and gold . [2] In 2012, excavations in Pachacamac opened burial chambers with more than 80 mummified remains, among which a dozen or so children's burials were discovered. Along with skeletons, various artifacts were found, including pottery, jewelry, and animal remains. [3]
Ichma culture assimilation
When the Inca empire expanded its holdings in the region, the cultures of Ichma and Chankai, along with smaller cultures, became part of it.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Lima History, the Chancay and Ichma Culture (Link unavailable) . www.limaeasy.com. Date of treatment May 25, 2012. Archived July 31, 2012.
- ↑ Pre-Incan Mummies found in Lima (unavailable link) . infosurhoy.com. Date of treatment May 25, 2012. Archived January 26, 2013.
- ↑ Temple of Doom: Scientists Discover peruvian Tomb Filled with Mummies, Infants , time.com (May 24, 2012). Date of appeal May 25, 2012.
Literature
- Noskov D.V. Politics of Ichma in the Late Intermediate Period: Dos. problems of historiography // Sources and historiography of the anthropology of the peoples of America. - 2nd ed. - M.: IEA RAS, 2017 .-- S. 59 - 67.
- Skromnitsky A., Talah V. Encyclopedia of pre-Columbian America. - Part 1: South. America. - T. 2: Sources of the XVI - XVII centuries. South America: The Chronicles. Doc / Ed. A. Skromnitsky. - Kiev: Blok.NOT, 2012.
See also
- History of peru
- Archaeological Monuments of Peru
- Chankai culture