Kafir , another pronunciation of kafir ( Arabic. كافر - unbeliever , non - believer ), or gaur ( tur . Gâvur [1] - infidel ) - a concept in Islam to designate a person committing kufr . According to Islamic dogma, kufr includes disbelief in the existence of the One God ( Allah ) and denial of the messenger mission of the Prophet Muhammad , as well as a refusal to recognize the resurrection after death , the Last Judgment , the existence of hell and paradise [2] .
Content
Etymology
In Russian, the word “kafir” or “kafir” is most often translated as “ infidels ” or “unbelievers” . This refers to people professing a different (non- Muslim ) religion [3] , while for Jews and Christians there is a special term - the people of Scripture ( Arabic. اهل الكتاب - ahl al-Kitab ), since they are not formally fully infidels [4] .
There is also a word etymologically close to the word “kafir” or “kafir” - “gyaur” ( tur . Gâvur - unfaithful , from Arabic. الكافرون ), meaning the contemptuous name of all Gentiles professing Islam (mainly in the Middle Ages ) [1 ] , and according to the interpretation of S. I. Ozhegov - a man of a different faith among the Mohammedans [5] . According to N. G. Komlev , the word "gyaur" (giwr) is a direct Turkish loan from the Persian language - gäbr , where they designate "worshipers of fire" or fire worshipers, that is, adherents of Zoroastrianism [6] . A. D. Mikhelson believes that the word "gyaur" is a distorted Turkish borrowing from the Persian language of the word gäbr , that is, it is still the same fire-worshiper [7] . L. P. Krysin believes that the word "gyaur" is borrowed from the Turkish language through Persian from Arabic [8] . Others believe that this word is directly borrowed from the Arabic language [9] [10] . According to the ESB , the word “gyaur” is “ spoiled Arabic“ Kiafir “(denying God, pagan) ” [11] .
In the Middle Ages, during the Ottoman Empire , the word "kafir" or "kafir" [12] and, etymologically close to it, the word "gyaur" [6] [8] [9] [10] [11] [13] [ 14] acquired a negative and / or swearing tone , since the Turks called them representatives of all religious traditions that did not profess Islam. In Russian, the word "gyaur" corresponded in meaning to the swear words Basurman [15] and a dog [14] [15] .
A large encyclopedic dictionary notes that the word kafir was used by Muslim peoples to denote "the non-Muslim population of Nuristan (formerly Kafiristan ) " [16] , which until the end of the 19th century refused to convert to Islam.
See also
- kafr
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Dictionary of foreign words. / 6th ed., Revised. and additional— M: Publishing house " Soviet Encyclopedia ", 1964. - 784 p.
- ↑ Ali-zade, A.A. Kafir // Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary . - M .: Ansar , 2007 .-- S. http://slovar-islam.ru/books/k.html#Kyafir63 .
- ↑
- ↑ Quote: “If you enter into an argument with the people of Scripture, then conduct it in the best way. This does not apply to those who act unfairly. Say: “We have believed what has been sent to us and what has been sent to you. Our God and your God are one, and we obey only Him. ” (Translation of the meanings 29:46)
- ↑ S. Ozhegov. " Dictionary of the Russian language ." About 53 thousand words. / 8th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Publishing house " Soviet Encyclopedia ", 1970. - 900 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Gyaur - (Turkish giwr - unfaithful <Persian - "worshiper of fire") - neglected. among Muslims: a Gentile, an infidel, a Christian. - Komlev N.G. Dictionary of foreign words. - M., 2006.
- ↑ Gyaur - tour. The word spoiled by the Turks is gebras, geber: fire-worshiper. - Mikhelson A. D. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - M., 1865.
- ↑ 1 2 Gyaur - a, m., Soul. (tur. giaur <pers. gäbr <arab. kāfir unfaithful). The contemptuous name of a Gentile among Muslims. - Krysin L.P. Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words. - M: Russian language , 1998.
- ↑ 1 2 Gyaur - [tour. <ar.] - among Muslims - the common name of all Gentiles is the Large Dictionary of Foreign Words. - M .: Publishing house "IDDK" , 2007.
- ↑ 1 2 Gyaur (Tur. GÂvur, Persian gebras, from Arabic. Kafir - unbeliever) - among those professing Islam, mainly in the Middle Ages, the name of all non-Muslims. - Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2009.
- ↑ 1 2 Gyaur // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Kafir - tour. from ar. kafir, wrong. Incorrect; the sworn nickname of the Turks for Christians - Kafir // Mikhelson A. D. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - M., 1865.
- ↑ Gyaur - a swear word from the Turks for Gentiles. - Chudinov A.N. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - M., 1910.
- ↑ 1 2 Gyaur - literally “dog”; the Turks have a contemptuous nickname for all non-Muslims, especially Christians. - Popov M. Complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. Compiled by the best sources. - M.: I. D. Sytin , 1904.- 458 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Gyaur - Turkish word corresponding to our “basurman”; actually means "dog." So the Turks honor all non-Muslims and especially Christians. - Pavlenkov F. F. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - M., 1907.)
- ↑ Kafirs (inaccessible link) // Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Literature
- Ali-zade, A. A. Kafir // Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary . - M .: Ansar , 2007 .-- S. http://slovar-islam.ru/books/k.html#Kyafir63 .
- Gogiberidze G. M. Islamic explanatory dictionary. - Rostov n / a : Phoenix, 2009 .-- 266 p. - (Dictionaries). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-222-15934-7 .
- Newby G. A Brief Encyclopedia of Islam = A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam / Per. with English .. - M .: Fair-press, 2007 .-- 384 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-8183-1080-0 .
- Giaur // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.