Sterilization (breeding)

Human Sterilization

Human sterilization is used as one of the methods of birth control , as well as for medical reasons (less often for religious reasons - for example, castration for eunuchs ) and income (sterilization of the poor in Latin America ).

In the 20th century, forced sterilization was used in some countries to reduce the number of “inferior” peoples or social groups. This practice was based on the provisions of " eugenics " - the teachings developed by Francis Galton and the theory of social Darwinism by Herbert Spencer . At the beginning of the 20th century, laws on the forced sterilization of criminals and "weak-minded" were adopted in Canada, the Scandinavian countries, 30 American states and in Germany ^[1] .

In accordance with the Rome Statute , compulsory sterilization of people is considered by the International Criminal Court as a crime against humanity .

According to the law of the PRC on birth control, it is prohibited to conduct violent sterilization operations, but there are occasional reports that local officials carry out this procedure by force ^[2] .

Human sterilization has been used in some countries (for example, in Nazi Germany ) as one of the tools of negative eugenics ^[3] . Medical experiments were conducted on the prisoners of the Third Reich concentration camps , including sterilization .

In the 1960s, the government of India , concerned about population growth, used sterilization to limit birth rates. By the 1970s, citizen sterilization programs and targets were defined. A number of measures aimed at encouraging citizens were taken: agricultural loans were issued only with a sterilization certificate, parents with many children did not take more than three children to school, prisoners did not receive parole. These measures went down in history as the “Effect of Sanjay ”, the son of the prime minister of those years of Indira Gandhi . ^[4] There is evidence of forced sterilization. The rush over sterilization declined after the 1977 elections, although voluntary sterilization programs appeared from time to time in various Indian states and later ^[5] .

According to the Indian government in 2003-2014. every third Indian woman was sterilized, and more than a thousand such operations were fatal ^[6] .

According to a two-year study conducted by BBC correspondent Natalia Antelava, Uzbekistan has been operating a program of forced sterilization of women of childbearing age since 1999, tens of thousands of women have already passed through this procedure. The Uzbek Ministry of Foreign Affairs categorically denies the existence of this program. ^{[7] [8] [9]} .

Animal sterilization

Sterilization of stray animals is used in conjunction with vaccination in Bangladesh , India , Russia , Ukraine , Moldova and some other countries to control the number of stray animals and prevent the spread of rabies.

Sterilization of domestic animals , usually dogs or cats, is applied out of concern for their health (for example, to prevent purulent pyometers), in cases when the appearance of offspring of animals is undesirable for the owner, as well as in cases when mandatory sterilization is provided for by law, States in order to prevent the replenishment of the population of stray animals ^[10] .

Methods of surgical sterilization:

• Vasectomy
• "Tubal occlusion" - pulling the fallopian tubes
• Hysterectomy
• Ovariogisterectomy
• Castration

In addition to surgical, there are other methods of sterilization - for example, drug and radiation .

Some pesticides are sterilizers - inhibit reproduction .

• Forced sterilization
• Contraception

• Nandan Nilekani. The image of a new India. The Evolution of Transformative Ideas = Imagining India: The Idea of ​​a Renewed Nation. - M .: "Alpina Publisher" , 2010. - 512 p. - (Skolkovo). - ISBN 978-5-9614-1346-5 .
• Timofeev S.V., Pozyabin S.V., Popova N.A. Basics of laparoscopy in small pets // M .: - FGOU VPO MGAVM & B. - 2011. - 2 pp. (30s).
• Shikhova L. R., Gumenyuk K. Ye., Vystavnoi A. L. Sterilization as a way to correct the behavior of cats. Bulletin of Omsk State Agrarian University, No. 2, 2014, p.60-62.
• Todd R. Tams, DVM, DACVIM and Clarence A. Rawlings, DVM, PhD, DACVS. Small Animal Endoscopy 3rd Edition, Rawlings, Copyright © 2011, 1999, 1990 by Mosby, Inc., Anaffiliate of Elsevier Inc.P.696. ISBN 9780323055789 .
• Stephen Pinker. Clear sheet. Human nature. Who and why refuses to recognize her today = Steven Pinker. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. - M .: Alpina Non-fiction, 2018. - 608 p. - ISBN 978-5-91671-783-9 .