S-175 , Gardina - an alarm system to ensure the state border regime, by protecting extended sections using technical means of border protection (TSOG), adopted in 1979 and replacing the S-100 Skala. The abbreviation "C" means "system" (as the version - "alarm"), quite often in the literature you can find the name "complex". The more modern KS-185 Gobi complex , which was put into service in the late 1980s, having a number of technological advantages over the Gardina, as a whole did not have a decisive superiority in the reliability of operation and repair.
Installation of S-175 began on the Chinese border in the area of Lake Zaysan . In a short time, the system became the base on the state border of the USSR. It made it possible to control up to 40 sections of the line of 500 m standard length (limit up to 650 m without additional equipment), divided into two flanks with a total length of typically up to 20 km (up to 26 km in the limit with a maximum section length of 650 m), sequentially control the operation of up to 4 electromechanical locks on the gates for the passage of border guard personnel. The principle of detecting the intruder, as in the S-100 , remained electrical contact (short circuit of adjacent metal threads or their break). It was allowed to connect up to 2 additional sensors on other operating principles (contact, capacitive, inductive, etc.)
The service life of some elements of the system was up to 3 years (polyethylene insulators crumbled from solar radiation and burst in the cold), others - up to 8 years or more: wooden supports and peaks, wire threads, rusting in the rain, etc.
In 1991, about 50% of the perimeter of the state border of the USSR with Finland in the Leningrad Region were covered by the Curtain, while the others, the most dangerous ones, were transferred to KS-185 Gobi . In the Republic of Karelia, several dozen kilometers of the perimeter were transferred to the Gobi , the rest were to the Gardina. In 1992, on the territory of the Russian Federation, the renewal of border electrical signaling systems was discontinued. On the borders with Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine, no electrical alarm systems were built. At certain sections of the border, the system was maintained in working condition and system sections were replaced at least until the end of 2001.
On the borders with Georgia, Azerbaijan and China, the maintenance of electrical signaling complexes and the construction of new ones are ongoing.
Content
- 1 "Curtain" in other countries - republics of the former USSR
- 2 Specifications
- 3 The principle of processing and transmission of information
- 4 Disadvantages of the Curtain system
- 5 See also
- 6 References
Curtains in other countries - republics of the former USSR
Up to 90% of the perimeter of the land borders of the USSR for 1991 were covered by the Curtain system and other models. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the system was never dismantled anywhere in 2008, although the restoration of parts damaged by weather and violators is far from always carried out. The power supply of the complex on the western borders of Russia has not been supplied since the beginning of the 1990s. At the northwestern border, power was supplied at least until the end of 2001.
As of January 2009, the Curtain and other types of complexes covered the borders of Russia with Norway, Finland, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) , including the Baltic Spit . At the Mongolian, Chinese and Korean borders, the operation of electrical alarms is kept up to date to prevent a massive flow of illegal immigrants.
In Lithuania, on the Polish border, the Soviet Gardina system was not dismantled until the simultaneous entry of this country and Poland into the Schengen zone on December 21, 2007 . Even after this date, there was no centralized dismantling of the system, and local residents cut passages in the system on their own, since everyone is allowed to cross the intra-Schengen border anywhere. It is here that, thanks to its universal accessibility, Gardina has become a real tourist attraction, which not only citizens of the European Union, but also Russians and other foreigners are going to see.
In Belarus, the "Curtain" on the border with Poland is used for its intended purpose, although there is no information whether it is powered and maintained in an active state.
In Ukraine, on the borders with Poland , Slovakia , Hungary and Romania, wire fences are used in a passive mode.
On the border of Azerbaijan and Iran, the linear part of the system has not been dismantled, the presence of control units is not confirmed, in some photographs they are not, in some, something similar can be distinguished.
Specifications
- Power consumption - 400 W for equipment + about 400 W for charging the battery
- The number of protection sites - 2 flanks of 20 sites each.
- Functional separation of equipment - station, two flanks (left and right), remote control locks.
- Number of locks - 4 pcs., “Dutch” type, with remote control
- The battery life from one set of batteries is 24 hours.
- Battery kits - 2 pcs. (one worker, one on charge)
- Supply voltage: 24 V - locks, 90-110 V - linear part, 220 V - station part.
- Reliability of protection: depending on maintenance - from 0.7 to 0.95.
The principle of processing and transmitting information
The state of the system sections and additional sensors is monitored continuously at each moment in time. The condition of the sites is monitored in pairs. Also, information on the state of the additional sensors is added to the status information of the two sections. If the primary sensor gives an alarm, the secondary sensor does not transmit its alarm.
The information packet is transmitted by a combination of 3 frequencies:
- Standby: - + -
- Alarm, first major: + - -
- Anxiety, second main: - - +
- An alarm of two mains or no power: - - -
- Alarm, first additional: + + -
- Alarm, second additional: - + +
- Alarm of two additional: + + +
Thus, using three frequencies, 7 states are formed.
Information about the state of the sensors is determined by a strictly specified frequency for each section (sensor). For 20 sections on the flank, 60 frequencies are used for sensors and 2 more frequencies for locking devices. Frequency separation of signals allows you to simultaneously control completely 20 sections at any given time (unlike the KS-185 "Gobi" complex, where time separation of signals is used).
The left and right flank are connected only by nutrition. Information frequency signals on the flanks are physically separated. Therefore, the frequency analysis part is completely interchangeable.
Linear equipment consists of a linear unit and a lightning protection unit. All blocks are completely identical, the frequency of the signals is set using the filter board. The frequency difference is up to 10 kHz, so mechanical FEM filters are used. A feature of the system is the power supply of the linear part, carried out on the principle of wire-to-ground, therefore reliable grounding of the Linear units and the Station part is the key to the successful operation of the system as a whole.
Deficiencies in the Curtain System
The Curtain system is a simple and effective means of ensuring the state border regime. The calculation was made on an unprepared intruder. Also, the engineering construction provided sanitary control over the seasonal movements of wild and domestic animals to prevent pandemics and epizootics.
At the same time, the Curtain has certain disadvantages. To equip one kilometer of the border, 334 wooden poles 3 meters long are required. The service life of the column, depending on climatic conditions, is from 3 to 10 years, after which replacement is required. Up to 2.5 tons of barbed wire are required to provide an alarm track per 1 km. For fastening plastic insulators (more than 12 thousand pieces), more than 60 kg of nails are required. Soldering wires and barbed wire requires several tens of liters of gasoline and a couple of kilograms of tin. All these factors made it impossible to maintain and further develop such systems in the context of a constant reduction in the financing of the border troops; the main emphasis in the latest systems was made on signaling complexes of a non-obstructive type.
Based on the operating experience of the S-175, in general, it is a very reliable system, some units such as: power supply unit, hydraulic control unit - remote power generator, have a cold reserve installed in the station part, in case of failure of the main units, replacement with spare ones does not take more minutes.
See also
- S-100
- KS-185
- KS-190
- KS-200
- KS-205K
- Ledum
- Night 12
- RLB-84
- Stork
- Harpy
Sensors:
- Aral
- Amulet
- Chord
- Turquoise
- Gavotte
- Gobi 05
- Gobi-08
- Ray