Golikov, Philip Ivanovich

Philip Golikov was born on July 3 ( 16 ), 1900 ^[2] (in some sources on July 16 ( 29 ), 1900 ) in the village of Borisova, Zyryansk volost, Kamyshlovsky district, Perm province , now the village is part of the Zyryansk village council of the Kataysky district of the Kurgan region . Russian, from peasants: father - Ivan Nikolaevich ^[3] , rural paramedic, mother - Vassa Vasilievna, peasant woman. Ivan Nikolayevich was a soldier in the garrison infirmary in Tobolsk , trained as a company paramedic, served as a paramedic in the garrison infirmary in Tobolsk. After graduating from military service in 1908, he worked for a year at a feldsher point in the village of Pokrovsky , then returned to Borisovo. Member of the First World War. The family had four children (the eldest - Philip, Valentine, Alexander, Maria).

Philip Golikov graduated from three classes of a school in Borisova in 1911, 7 classes of a district gymnasium in Kamyshlov in the Perm province in 1918. He studied at the Zemstvo scholarship and was released from tuition.

Member of the RCP (b) since April 13, 1918 ^[4] . He joined the party with his father. On behalf of the committee, the RCP (b) headed the office of the Kamyshlovsk district newspaper Izvestia (editor of Izvestia Stepan Vasilievich Egorshin).

May 30, 1918 voluntarily entered the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army ^[5] . He participated in the Civil War .

On July 4, 1918, the detachment of the Red Army, in which F. Golikov was, was aimed at suppressing the anti-Bolshevik uprising of peasants in the village of Tamakulsky ; on July 5, he occupied s. Tamakul, but on July 11 the detachment was defeated in the village of Krivsky . The commander of the detachment, Emelyan Kuchmey, died. On July 12, the detachment returned to Kamyshlov ^[6] . On July 27, the detachment left Kamyshlov.

In early August, the detachment poured into the 3rd battalion of the volunteer 1st Peasant Communist Rifle Regiment "Red Eagles" . In October 1918 he was appointed regimental correspondent for the newspaper of the Okopnaya Pravda division and the newspaper of the 3rd Army Krasny Nabat.

On January 21, 1919 he was seconded to study, graduated from a two-month military propaganda course in Petrograd in 1919.

At the end of March 1919, he became an agitator in the regimental machine gun team (commander Ivan Aleksandrovich Rink) of the 10th Moscow Rifle Regiment of the Special Brigade of the 3rd Army of the Eastern Front . The regiment came into contact with the enemy in the area of. Zalazninsky factory . Since June 16, 1919, Golikov is the secretary of the political department of the Special Brigade.

Since August 1919 - instructor-organizer of work in the village of the political department of the 51st Infantry Division ^[5] . At the end of November 1919 in Tyukalinsk he fell seriously ill with typhus and was treated at the hospital in Tyumen for several months.

After the end of the Civil War, he spent 11 years in political work in the army. A participant in the suppression of kulak rebellions in the Ufa province.

Since May 1920, he was an agitator, then the head of the information division. Since March 1921 - head of the political secretariat of the provincial military commissariat. Since May 1921 - head of the political department of the infantry brigade. From May 1922 - instructor, then head of the political department of the Volga-Urals Military District . Since June 1922 - assistant to the chief and head of the agitation and propaganda department of the political department of the West Siberian Military District .

He graduated from the Advanced Training Courses of the highest commanding staff of the Red Army ( KUVNAS ) in 1929. Since April 1929, the head of the agitation and propaganda department of the political administration of the Volga Military District . Since January 1931 - military commissar and head of the political department of the rifle division.

In 1931 he graduated from an external military school and, at his own request, was transferred to team work. Since November 1931 - commander of the 95th Rifle Regiment of the 32nd Rifle Division . In absentia he graduated from the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze in 1933. Since October 1933 - commander of the 61st Infantry Division of the Volga Military District. Since September 1936 - the commander of the 8th separate mechanized brigade , since July 1937 - the commander of the 45th mechanized corps of the Kiev military district . In January 1938 he was appointed a member of the Military Council of the Belarusian Military District .

From June 18, 1938 to 1940, he was a member of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus .

In 1938 he was relieved of his post and dismissed from the army. K.E. Voroshilov refused to sign a warrant for the arrest of Golikov. F. I. Golikov was again called up for military service ^[7] . Since November 1938 - the commander of the Vinnitsa army group of the Kiev Special Military District ^[5] .

After the reorganization of the Vinnitsa group from September 16 to 24, 1939 into the Volochisk Army Group of the Ukrainian Front , from September 24 to 28, 1939 into the Eastern Army Group , and then from September 28 to the 6th Army , - the commander of this association , In this capacity he participated in the Polish campaign of the Red Army in September 1939.

Since July 26, 1940 - Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army - Head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army. The head of the GRU once every 7–10 days presented special messages to 9–13 recipients, among whom were IV Stalin, V. M. Molotov, K. E. Voroshilov, A. A. Zhdanov, L. P. Beria, G. M. Malenkov, S. M. Timoshenko, G. K. Zhukov, N. G. Kuznetsov.

From February 20, 1941 to October 5, 1952 - member of the Central Auditing Commission of the CPSU (b) .

Most modern historians believe that as head of the GRU, Golikov presented the country's leadership with only that information that was in accordance with the opinion of JV Stalin . Information about the preparation and timing of the German attack on the USSR was often provided as unconfirmed or not trustworthy. Golikov could not solve purely military tasks. In particular, having recorded the fact that a significant number of German troops were concentrated near the borders of the USSR and having determined the objectives of enemy attacks ( Leningrad , Moscow , Kiev ), military intelligence did not reveal the areas of concentration and the composition of any of the enemy's offensive attack groups. The result was an unexpectedly powerful force of enemy attacks from the first day of the war, which predetermined the extremely unfavorable course of hostilities and the enormous losses of the Soviet troops at the first stage of World War II . The most tragic is that, knowing that the German troops were ready for the invasion, Golikov did not trust the reports about the start of the war, in particular, reporting to Stalin on March 20, 1941 , that “rumors and documents telling about the inevitability of the war this spring against the USSR, it is necessary to regard it as misinformation emanating from the British and even, perhaps, German intelligence ” ^[8] .

In April-June 1941, F.I. Golikov reported on the continued concentration of German troops near the Soviet western border, the number of divisions drawn up to it, their combat strength and strength, their locations, he called the period of the attack on the USSR June 22, 1941 (this date indicated about 15 reliable sources). From July 1940 to June 1941, the GRU of the General Staff of the Red Army sent 95 (only declassified) messages to the USSR leadership about the concentration of fascist troops and their preparation for an attack on the USSR ^{[9] [10]} . Therefore, although the military and political leadership of the USSR knew a lot about the readiness of Germany to invade the USSR, the invasion itself was completely sudden ^[11] .

In the early days of the war, Golikov was removed from the post of head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army and sent as head of the Soviet military mission to the UK and the United States . He negotiated military supplies for the USSR and the opening of a second front ^[12] .

In October 1941 he was returned to the USSR and was appointed commander of the 10th Army, which was being formed in the Penza region . Later, the army was redeployed to the Ryazan region . As part of the troops of the Western Front , army troops have been quite successfully advancing since the beginning of December 1941 south of Tula , dropping parts of the German 2nd Tank Army General Guderian to a distance of 200 kilometers from Moscow .

Since February 1942 - commander of the 4th shock army on the Kalinin Front . From April 1942 - the commander of the troops of the Bryansk Front , in July 1942 - the commander of the troops of the Voronezh Front . Extremely unsuccessfully led the front forces during the Voronezh-Voroshilovgrad operation in June - July 1942, at a critical moment for a defensive battle, they essentially lost control of the troops, as a result of which the front formations acted in an unorganized manner, did not fulfill the assigned tasks and suffered significant losses ^[13] . The enemy managed to break through to Voronezh , reach the Middle Don and occupy a profitable line to strike at Stalingrad ^{[14] [15]} .

In August 1942, Golikov was appointed lowering commander of the 1st Guards Army on the Southeast and Stalingrad Fronts, participated in defensive battles on the outskirts of Stalingrad . Since September 1942 - Deputy Commander of the Stalingrad Front . In October 1942 he was transferred to the northern sector of the Soviet-German front and was appointed commander of the troops of the North-Western Front . A few days later, recalled to Moscow and re-appointed head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army. And a few days later, in the same October 1942, he was also re-appointed commander of the troops of the Voronezh Front .

As commander of this front, he conducted three major operations. In the first of them, the Ostrogozhsk-Rossoshanskoy operation on January 13-27, 1943, front troops defeated the main forces of the 2nd Hungarian army , the Italian Alpine Corps , the 24th German Panzer Corps . According to Soviet data, up to 86,000 prisoners were captured.

In the second, Voronezh-Kastornen operation , from January 24 to February 17, 1943, the 2nd Hungarian Corps and part of the forces of the 2nd German Army were surrounded and defeated.

In the third in a row, in the Kharkov offensive operation of February 2 - March 2, 1943, the Soviet troops managed to advance more than 100 kilometers and liberate Kharkov .

However, in the fourth in a row, in the Kharkov defensive operation on March 2 - 25, 1943, the enemy managed to inflict powerful blows on the troops of the Voronezh Front, breaking a gap up to 30 kilometers along the front and entering the communications of the Soviet troops. Golikov greatly overestimated his initial successes, did not take into account the exhaustion and degree of loss of his own troops. In the conditions of a sudden change in the situation, F. I. Golikov was again at a loss, lost control of the troops ^[16] . To correct the situation , G.K. Zhukov was urgently sent to the Voronezh Front, who had to take direct command of the troops ^[17] .

In March 1943, Golikov was recalled to Moscow and more than never went to the front. In April 1943, he was appointed deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR for personnel ^[5] ; since May 1943, the position was called - head of the Main Directorate of Personnel of the People’s Commissariat (from 1946 - the Ministry) of the USSR Defense (to 1950). At the same time, on October 4, 1944, he was authorized by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for the repatriation of Soviet citizens from Germany and the countries it occupied. On October 6, 1944, a Resolution was adopted on the activities of the SNK Commissioner for Repatriation. On October 23, F.I. Golikov headed the Office of the Authorized Person of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for Repatriation of USSR Citizens from Germany and the Countries Occupied by It. Quickly enough, this department, with the help of the NKVD, created a powerful infrastructure network - from repatriation missions looking for “persons to be repatriated” in Germany and the countries it occupied, to district representatives or services responsible for receiving Soviet citizens locally. The constituent element of this network was pre-shipment and check-filtration points and camps, of which about 200 were deployed only outside the USSR ^[18] .

Since September 1950 - commander of the Separate Mechanized Army .

Since May 17, 1956 - Head of the Military Academy of Armored Forces of the Soviet Army.

Since January 1958, he was the head of the Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Navy , the most important body for party leadership of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Unofficially, the head of GlavPUR was considered the second person in the Ministry of Defense of the USSR , and he was only formally subordinate to the Minister, since GlavPUR was a department member of the Central Committee of the CPSU and was subordinate primarily to the highest party instances.

In 1961-1966 - member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The delegate of the XVIII Congress of the CPSU (b) , XIX , XX , XXI , XXII Congresses of the CPSU. Member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 1 (1938-1946), 4-6th (1954-1965) convocations ^[19] .

In May 1962, dismissed "for health reasons and in connection with the transition to retirement." In June 1962 he was appointed inspector general of the Group of Inspectors General of the USSR Ministry of Defense .

He lived in Moscow . Married since May 15, 1920 (wife Zinaida Afanasevna (1901-1969)), had 6 children, three of whom survived ^[20] .

Philip Ivanovich Golikov died July 29, 1980 . He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow (7th section, left side, 16th row).

N. S. Khrushchev recalled

... he wrote some nasty things to Stalin against Eremenko , and Stalin criticized me for the fact that I support Eremenko too much and did not support Golikov. Maybe he wrote some nasty things about me? It is possible. <...> After all, he acted unscrupulously ...

- Nikita Khrushchev Memoirs: selected fragments / Nikita Khrushchev; comp. A. Shevelenko. - M .: Vagrius, 2007 .-- 512 p .; silt ISBN 978-5-9697-0517-3

• Kombrig (11/26/1935)
• Corps Commissioner (12/31/1937)
• Comcor (8.01.1938)
• Lieutenant General (06/04/1940)
• Colonel General (01/19/1943)
• Army General (05/08/1959)
• Marshal of the Soviet Union (05/08/1961)

• 4 Orders of Lenin (02.22.1941, 02.21.1945, 07.20.1950, 07.15.1960)
• Order of the October Revolution (02.22.1968)
• 4 orders of the Red Banner (02/20/1933, 01/01/1942, 11/03/1944, 06/20/1949)
• Order of Suvorov 1st degree (01/28/1943)
• Order of Kutuzov 1st degree (02.22.1944)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (07/15/1980)
• 2 orders of the Red Star (08.16.1936, 07.16.1970)
• Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" 3 degrees (04/30/1975)
• Honorary weapon with a golden image of the State Emblem of the USSR (02.22.1968)
• Medals, including
  • Anniversary medal “For military valor. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin "
  • Medal "For the Defense of Moscow"
  • Medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad"
  • Medal "For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
  • Anniversary medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
  • Anniversary medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
  • Medal "For the victory over Japan"
  • Medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
  • Anniversary medal "XX years of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army"
  • Anniversary medal "30 years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
  • Anniversary medal "40 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
  • Anniversary medal "50 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
  • Anniversary medal "60 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
  • Medal “In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow”
• 7 foreign orders and 6 foreign medals, including
  • Order of the “Grunwald Cross” 1st degree ( Poland )
  • Military Cross ( Czechoslovakia )
  • Order of the Partisan Star of the 1st degree ( Yugoslavia )
  • Орден Красного Знамени ( Монголия )
  • Орден Государственного флага 1-й степени ( КНДР )
  • Медаль «За победу над фашизмом» ( Румыния )
  • Дукельская памятная медаль ( Чехословакия )

• Улицы Голикова в различных городах мира.
• Проспект Маршала Голикова в Кургане.
• 14 февраля 1990 года, к 90-летию со дня рождения Филипа Ивановича Голикова, выпущен почтовый художественный маркированный конверт. Художник А. Карасев.
• 10 февраля 2000 года, к 100-летию со дня рождения Филипа Ивановича Голикова, выпущена почтовая карточка. Художник Б. Илюхин.

• Голиков Ф. И. Красные орлы (Из дневников 1918–1920 г.г.) . — М. : Наука , 1959. — 328 с.
• Голиков Ф. И. 10-я армия в московской битве // Провал гитлеровского наступления на Москву. 25 лет разгрома немецко-фашистских войск под Москвой. 1941-1966 . — М. : Наука, 1966. — 350 с. - 50,000 copies. Архивировано 23 сентября 2007 года. Архивная копия от 23 сентября 2007 на Wayback Machine
• Голиков Ф. И. В Московской битве (Записки командарма) . — М. : Наука, 1967. — 200 с. - 70,000 copies.
• F. Golikov — Con mision militar en Inglaterra y EE.UU. — Издательство « Прогресс », 1988. — 135 с. — 3100 экз. на исп.яз.

• Вавилон — «Гражданская война в Северной Америке» / [под общ. ed. N.V. Ogarkova ]. - M .: Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR , 1979. - 654 p. — ( Советская военная энциклопедия : [в 8 т.] ; 1976—1980, т. 2).
• The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945 : Encyclopedia / Ed. M. M. Kozlova . — М. : Советская энциклопедия , 1985. — С. 210. — 500 000 экз.
• Маршалы Советского Союза: личные дела рассказывают. М. , 1996
• Соловьев Д. Ю. Все генералы Сталина. — М., 2019. — ISBN: 9785532106444. — С.26—28.
• Колпакиди А. , Север А. ГРУ. Unique encyclopedia. — М. : Яуза: Эксмо, 2009. — С. 689—690. — 720 с. — (Энциклопедия спецназа). - 5,000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-699-30920-7 .
• Колпакиди А.И. ГРУ в Великой Отечественной войне. — М. : Яуза: Эксмо, 2010. — 608 с. — (ГРУ). - 3000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-699-41251-8 .
• Киселёв А. С. [«Не спровоцировать войну»: к вопросу о внезапности нападения Германии на СССР 22 июня 1941 г. ] (рус.) // Военный академический журнал : журнал. — 2016. — Т. 11 , № 03 . — С. 85—103 .
• Лазарев С. Е. Голиков, Филипп Иванович // Российская историческая энциклопедия в 18 томах / Глав. ed. А. О. Чубарьян. Т. 5. М.: ОЛМА Медиа Групп, 2017. С. 146—147.
• Шелястина В. О., Никишин А. В., Задорожный В. Н. Маршал Голиков: мир и война (по страницам семейного альбома) — М. : Музей техники Вадима Задорожного , 2017. — 116 с. — ISBN 5-87012-058-6
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• Соловьев Д. Ю. Все генералы Сталина. — М., 2019. — ISBN: 9785532106444. — С.26—28.

• Биография Ф.И. Голикова . На сайте « Хронос » .
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