1870s

• The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) led to the transformation of the North German Union into the German Empire ^[1] . Alsace and Lorraine were added to it, and a indemnity of five billion francs was received. The Second French Empire was transformed into the Third French Republic .
• Unification of Italy completed (1820-1871; Risorgimento ).
• The second industrial revolution in Western Europe, USA, Japan. The long depression in Western Europe (1873–1896; stock market crash ) and North America (1873–1879). The Gilded Age in the United States (1876-1914). The first national strike (1877; English Great Railroad Strike ). Standard Oil (1870; Rockefeller ). War for the Black Hills (1876-1877; Sitting Bull ).
• Korean expedition of the USA (1871). Zuo Zuntang Campaign in Xinjiang (1875-1878).
• .
• The “ Union of Three Emperors ” (1873) between Russia , Germany and Austria-Hungary was created . In Germany, the struggle against the Catholic Center Party (1871-1878).
• Aceh war in Sumatra (1873-1904).
• A series of civil wars in Spain (1833–1874; Carlists ; First Spanish Republic ) ended, the period of constitutional monarchy began.
• Japan received the Kuril Islands transferring Sakhalin to Russia (1875; St. Petersburg Treaty ), forcing Korea to conclude the Canwah Peace Treaty (1876). The samurai estate was abolished (1873; Satsumi revolt - 1877).
• Hunger in India is entering its peak phase (1875-1900), the number of victims is estimated at 26 million. Famine in China (1876-1879) claimed about 13 million lives. The British East India Company was disbanded (1600–1874; India was governed by the British government 1858–1947). Great Britain acquired a large stake in the Suez Canal from Egypt (1875, “deal of the century”).
• In Mexico, the period of Porphyriat (1876-1911).
• The Russo-Turkish war (1877-1878) began after the brutal suppression by the Ottoman Empire of the " April Uprising " in Bulgaria (1876). Berlin Treatise (1878). The Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership was founded (1879).
• The Ten Years War (1868–1878) of Cuba for independence from Spain was completed. The Little War (1879-1880).
• The political crisis in Belgium on the issue of religion in education (1879–1884; First School War ).
• Anglo-Zulu War (1879). The Second Pacific War of Chile (with the support of England ) against Peru and Bolivia over deposits of nitrate (1879-1883).

• The first national park was founded in Yellowstone (1872; USA).
• " Bible Students " (1872).
• Universal Postal Union (1874).
• Wimbledon Tournament (1877).

Literature

• Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseevich (1821-1877 / 78)   . “ Who lives in Russia well ” (1863-1876).
• Mark Twain (1835-1910)   . The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
• Tolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910)   . " Anna Karenina " (1877).
• Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolaevich (1823-1886)   . " Dowry " (1878).

Painting

• The first significant exhibition of the Impressionists (1874).
• Savrasov, Alexey Kondratievich (1830-1897)  
• Savitsky, Konstantin Apollonovich (1844-1905)  
• Degas, Edgar (1834-1917)   .
• Vereshchagin, Vasily Vasilievich (1842-1904)   . "The Apotheosis of War " (1871).
• Monet, Claude (1840-1926)   . “ Impression. The Rising Sun ”(1872).
• Renoir, Pierre Auguste (1841-1919)   . " Ball at the Moulins de la Galette " (1876).
• Repin, Ilya Efimovich (1844-1930)   . " Barge Haulers on the Volga " (1873).

Music

• Grand Opera (1875).
• Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)   . " Aida " (1871).
• Bizet, Georges (1838-1875)   . " Carmen " (1874).
• Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)   . The Ring of the Nibelung (1874).
• Mussorgsky, Modest Petrovich (1839-1881)   . " Boris Godunov " (1874).
• Strauss, Johann (1825-1899)   . The Bat (1874).
• Rubinstein, Anton Grigorievich (1829-1894)   . The Demon (1875).
• Grieg, Edward (1843-1907)   . Peer Gynt (1876).
• Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich (1840-1893)   . " Swan Lake " (1877).
• Sour Cream, Bedrich (1824-1884)   . “ My Homeland ” (1879).

Science and Technology

• Maxwell's equations ("Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" - 1873).
• Metric Convention (1875).
• Telephone (patent and demonstration - 1876 Alexander Bell ; with carbon microphone - 1878)
• Set Theory ("On a Characteristic Property of All Real Algebraic Numbers" - 1874; Cantor )
• Tractor (tracked - 1876, Fedor Abramovich Blinov )
• Phonograph (1877; Thomas Edison )
• Lamp " Candle Yablochkova " (1876; Yablochkov ). Lodygin incandescent lamp (1872)
• Torpedo (first use - 1877, under the command of Makarov )
• Tanker ( Zoroaster - 1878).