| XX century : 1950-1959 |
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1950s - a decade , including the years from 1950 to 1959 [1] . It is characterized by the restoration of peace after the Second World War, the intensification of the Cold War, resulting in a series of regional conflicts, espionage, moral panic and fear of a nuclear war. In the field of science and technology, the 1950s are characterized by the development of atomic technologies, both peaceful (the appearance of the first nuclear power plant) and the military. Active space exploration also began, the launch of the first satellite and the first animals into space. One of the main events in culture was the emergence of rock and roll, the first genre of rock music.
Highlights
Nikita Khrushchev and Dwight Eisenhower (pictured with their wives in 1959) were the leaders of the USSR and the USA, respectively, in the 1950s
- The Cold War (1946-1990). The second period of the “ Red Threat ” (1947-1957; McCarthyism ). Tests of thermonuclear bombs were carried out by the USA (1952) and the USSR (1953) during a nuclear race .
- The entry of Tibet into the PRC (1950-1951).
- The Korean War (1950-1953). Indochina war (1945-1954). Geneva Conference (1954) .
- The United States changed course with respect to Japan (1950, ), created the Self-Defense Forces of Japan (1954). The occupation of Germany was terminated (1954). Germany joins NATO (1955, Bundeswehr ).
- The CIA’s operation to overthrow the Prime Minister of Iran after he nationalized the oil fields (1953; ). The operation to overthrow the President of Guatemala (1954).
- The European Coal and Steel Association (1952), the European Atomic Energy Community (1957) and the European Economic Community (1957) were created.
- The War of Independence of Algeria (1954-1962).
- The Stalin period was completed (1953), the beginning of the Khrushchev thaw , the relaxation of censorship and the end of political repression. The Soviet-Chinese split . Campaign for the development of virgin lands (1954-1960).
- Cuban Revolution (1953-1959). The January Uprising of 1958 in Venezuela .
- Organization of the Warsaw Pact (1955-1991). Hungarian Uprising (1956).
- The July Revolution in Egypt (1952). Suez Crisis (1956). United Arab Republic (1958-1971). July 14th revolution in Iraq (1958).
- In China, the campaign under the slogan " Let a hundred flowers bloom " (1957), the Great Leap Forward (1958-1960). The Great Chinese Famine (1959-1961).
- US Education Reform (1958; ) after the launch of the Soviet satellite.
- The Fifth Republic of France succeeded the Fourth (1958; Charles de Gaulle ; crises of the Fourth Republic ).
- Antarctic Treaty (1959).
Science and Technology
Model of the first artificial Earth satellite
- 1950 - creation of the theory of superconductivity (L.D. Landau, V.L. Ginzburg), USSR.
- 1951 - creation of the theory of controlled thermonuclear fusion (I. E. Tamm, A. D. Sakharov, O. A. Lavrentiev), USSR.
- 1952 - The first test of thermonuclear weapons ( November 1 , USA).
- 1953 - DNA structure is deciphered.
- 1954 - The Obninsk NPP was launched, the world's first nuclear power plant, the USSR, Obninsk.
- 1954 - creation of the first laser in the world (N. G. Basov, A. M. Prokhorov), USSR.
- 1954 - Creation of the world's first tokamak , USSR.
- 1954 - Nautilus nuclear submarine.
- 1955 - the first flight of the first Soviet serial jet passenger aircraft Tu-104 was completed in the USSR (since 1956 , after the British jet airliner Comet was suspended for technical reasons, until October 1958 , when the American Boeing 707 jet airliner was put into commercial operation , Tu-104 was the only operated jet airliner in the world).
- 1955 - The development of AMX ELC by the French company AMX began.
- 1957 - Biocontrol Patent (CCCP).
- 1957 - the world's first surface ship with a nuclear power plant, the nuclear icebreaker Lenin, was launched in the USSR.
- Space Race (1957-1975)
- 1957 - Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite (USSR)
- 1957 - Launch of the world's first biological artificial Earth satellite with the dog Laika (USSR).
- 1958 - Launch of the world's first reusable space rocket "The Tempest " ( NPO named after S. A. Lavochkin , USSR )
- 1958 - Launch of the Luna space program (USSR) Luna-1 station becomes the first artificial satellite of the Sun.
- 1959 - Luna-2 station (USSR) first reached the surface of the moon .
- 1959 - for the first time, a man saw the back of the moon - the Luna-3 station (USSR) completed and transmitted her photographs.
- 1958 - DuPont (USA) launched polyurethane fibers on the market.
- 1958 - Creation of the theory of superfluidity - 2003 Nobel Prize (V. L. Ginzburg, L. P. Pitaevsky), USSR.
- 1958 - The world's first Tu-142ALAL aircraft (order 247, subsequently Tu-119 ) with nuclear engines, USSR.
- 1959 - The world's first largest supersonic M-50 bomber V. M. Myasishchev (USSR)
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Culture
Elvis Presley, popular singer of the 1950s
- In the United States, commercial exploitation of color television has begun - the NTSC system (1953).
- The emergence and heyday of rock and roll thanks to such artists as Chuck Berry , Elvis Presley , Bill Haley , Little Richard .
- The heyday of the Googie style.
- Dudes .
- VI World Festival of Youth and Students (1957, USSR).
- The appearance of bikers in the United States ( ).
Literature
- Bradbury, Ray (1920-2012) . The Martian Chronicles (1950). “ 451 degrees Fahrenheit ” (1953).
- Heinlein, Robert Anson (1907-1988) . “ Puppeteers ” (1951). " Star landing " (1959).
- Salinger, Jerome David (1919-2010) . "The Catcher in the Rye " (1951).
- Hemingway, Ernest (1899-1961) . “The Old Man and the Sea ” (1952).
- Golding, William (1911-1993) . " Lord of the Flies " (1954).
- Tolkien, John Ronald Ruel (1892-1973) . The Lord of the Rings (1954).
- Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) . " Doctor Zhivago " (1955).
- Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002) . Carlson (1955).
- Rodari, Gianni (1920-1980) . The Adventures of Cipollino (1957).
- Bondarev, Yuri Vasilievich (b.1924) . “Battalions ask for fire” (1957).
- Rytkheu, Yuri Sergeevich (1930-2008) . “The Time of Snow Melting” (1958).
Cinema
The Hays Code, which imposed censorship restrictions, continued to operate in the United States. In the USSR, after the death of Stalin, censorship was relatively weakened, which led to the emergence of films of a new generation. The beginning of the heyday of Soviet animation thanks to the work of Ivan Ivanov-Vano, Lev Atamanov, the Brumberg sisters and others.
- Godzilla (1954).
- “ 12 Angry Men ” (1957).
- Ben-Hur (1959; 11 Oscars ).
Music
- Vaughan Williams, Ralph (1872-1958), composer . Concert for tuba and orchestra (1954).
- Pierre Boulez (born 1925), composer, conductor . “Hammer without a Master” (1955).
Sport
In 1950, the Formula 1 race appeared. Juan Manuel Fangio (pictured) became their five-time champion
- 1950: The advent of the Formula 1 World Auto Racing Championship. Of the first 10 championships, Argentinean Juan Manuel Fangio won five.
- 1952: The USSR first participated in the Olympic Games. 1956: First participation of the USSR in the Winter Olympic Games.
- Tigran Vartanovich Petrosyan
- Lev Yashin
- Pele
- Emil Zatopek
- Rocky Marciano
- Juan Manuel Fangio
Computer Games
See also
► 1950s
Notes
- ↑ Answer No. 244413 Archival copy of August 21, 2012 on the Wayback Machine Archived on August 21, 2012. // Help Bureau " Gramoty.ru "