| Orenburg Cunk Cossack School | |
|---|---|
| Years of existence | 1867 - 1920 |
| A country | |
| Included in | Russian Imperial Army , Ground Forces , |
| Type of | Military school |
| Function | Command Training |
| Number | 120 people. |
| Part | A hundred |
| Dislocation | Orenburg |
| Colors | Scarlet, since 1912 - light blue |
Orenburg Junker School, Orenburg Cossack Junker School - a secondary military educational institution.
School Day - December 20 at the "Blessed Virgin Mary of Novgorod-Seversky." The school trained Cossack officers for service in small detachments divorced from the main forces.
The main attention was paid to the development of the initiative, practical exercises, physical education of cadets. In the official report on the inspection of the school in the summer of 1909, it was reported: “In the Orenburg Cossack Junker School, the equestrian education was delivered correctly, and the Junkers were well trained in this main task of their future service. The main drawback of the junkers is the lack of dressing and well-known panache in receptions and movements, which should distinguish an officer from an ordinary Cossack [1] . 90% of the cadets were from simple families.
In terms of numbers, Orenburgers were in first place at the school, and Kubans were in second place. The popularity of the Kuban people in the school was determined by horsemanship, gymnastics on shells, a deep military camaraderie, that is, natural Cossack youth, but by no means high scores in science and cramming.
In the 1920s, the Association of the Orenburg Cossack School was created in France ( Paris ). The chairman is Colonel Eliseev.
From 1936 to 2008, a military school was located on the territory of the school.
Since September 1, 2010 the Orenburg Presidential Cadet School has been located.
Brief historical background
11.XI.1867 The Highest was ordered to open a cadet school in Orenburg with a staff of 200 people (80 regular cadets and 120 officers from the noblemen of irregular troops ) at the request of Governor General N. A. Kryzhanovsky . The opening of the school took place on December 20. The school trained candidates for infantry officers ( ensigns ) and Cossack Forces — the Orenburg , Ural , Siberian, and Semirechensky ( under-military ). It had two branches - infantry and Cossack, consisting of one company and one hundred. Duration of study - 2 years. In 1876, the staff of the school was increased to 300 (150 foot soldiers and 150 Cossacks). At the school there was a preparatory class for adult illiterate Cossacks. When entering the school, class restrictions were not established.
18.IV.1878 the school was renamed the Orenburg Cossack Junker School with a staff of 250 people. Junckers of the lower grades were transferred to the Kazan Infantry Junker School , and only Cossacks remained in the Orenburg School. Young people of all Cossack troops were admitted to the school, except for the Donskoy, which had its own Novocherkassk Cossack school .
On 19-20.XII.1880 the church was consecrated at the school in memory of St. icons of the Mother of God of Novgorod-Seversky.
In 1885, the number of students was reduced to 120 cadets, and in 1888 to 70.
In 1901, the school was reorganized from 2-grade to 3-grade, with the transfer to the school of the Cossack department of the Irkutsk cadet school (order for the Military Department No. 197 of 1901) and the establishment of a staff of 120 cadets for all Cossack troops, Donskoy .
In 1904, the Highest was awarded the school banner, the transfer ceremony was performed by the Ataman of the Orenburg Army, Lieutenant General Y. F. Barabash at the parade in a festive setting Error in the footnotes ? : Invalid call: invalid keys, for example, too many keys were specified or the key was incorrect .
In 1905, the school, instead of being subordinate to the chief of staff of the Kazan Military District, was subordinate to the ataman of the Orenburg Cossack Army .
On August 27, 1908, the school was directly subordinate to the Main Directorate of military schools, and on 31.V.1910 it was renamed the Orenburg Cossack School. Since 1914, with the introduction of accelerated training (4 months), junkers were issued with the rank of ensign .
After the Great October Revolution of 1917, the Orenburg Cossack army with its chieftain A. I. Dutov (former assistant class inspector, teacher of tactics and sapper engineering at the school) did not recognize the Soviet regime. Dutov placed a headquarters in its walls, fighting off the Reds advancing on the city from two sides - from Samara and from Tashkent .
In February 1918, Orenburg fell, and the head of the school, Major General K. M. Slesarev, took the school to Uralsk . Having retreated to the limits of the Ural army, the school graduated into a coronet, after which there remained 20-25 junior cadets and a school cadre who returned to Orenburg, liberated in summer [2] .
In January 1919, after fierce fighting, the Reds occupied Orenburg for the second time; the whole Cossack school went to Siberia, reaching Irkutsk by the end of the year. Here in the rear of the army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak , retreating to the east, in January-February 1920 there was an uprising of the Socialist-Revolutionaries . Junkers, as a reliable element, were placed on guard orders. But power in Irkutsk quickly passed to the Reds, the school, taken by surprise, was disarmed and the school ceased to exist - almost none of the personnel escaped from there [3] .
Official website of historian Sergei Vladimirovich Volkov:
... At the end of 1917, 150 cadets of the school were the backbone of the Orenburg chieftain A. I. Dutov, and some of them died in battle. Having retreated to the limits of the Ural army, the school graduated into a coronet, after which there remained 20-25 junior cadets and a shot of the school, who returned to Orenburg, liberated in the summer. It was reborn in August 1918. With the abandonment of Orenburg in January 1919, it went on a marching route to Troitsk, where it was loaded into the train and transported to Irkutsk. Composition: a hundred (75 junkers), a squadron (75), an infantry company (120), a semi-battery (60), and an engineering platoon (80). The course is 1 year. The first release is 3.07. 1919 Then the second set was made, and at the beginning of December - the third (300 people). After the rebellion in January - February 1920, the school ceased to exist. Head - Gen. Major K. M. Slesarev.
Learning Process
Young people from the age of 17 (graduates of military gymnasiums, youths who have graduated from civilian educational institutions, voluntarily determined from the troops) who are fit for military service, successfully passed entrance exams in the disciplines: God's Law, Russian, arithmetic, geometry, were accepted into the school , algebra, geography, history.
The instruction on the organization of educational and educational work at the school determined the goals of training cadets: “Equipped with young people who have extremely diverse training and mostly did not complete the course of secondary schools, the cadet school should continue their general education and fill it up so that they can without special difficulties in studying special military subjects in the scope of a military school course. "
The school was tasked with providing the graduate with such professional training that he would be able to confidently command not only lower ranks, but also non-commissioned officers from the first year of service in the army.
The curriculum at the school consisted of two classes: junior - general and senior - special. The content of special knowledge was given in such a volume that the graduate of the school in the future could command the battalion .
The general curriculum at the school was divided into winter and summer classes. The training program included the following disciplines: God's Law, Russian language , mathematics , artillery , fortification , tactics , law , history , geography , charters , and topography was added in high school.
The discipline “Jurisprudence” included military and civil law, in view of the fact that decisions made by graduates in the course of their further service and orders were to be coordinated with the existing legal acts, in addition, students of the school prepared not only as military professionals, but also how government officials, especially in distant garrisons. The duties of combat officers included conducting an initial investigation into cases of incidents and violations of military discipline, as well as participating in the activities of regimental courts as judges and clerks.
Much attention was paid to physical training, so classes were held in the following subjects: horse riding ; drill service; gymnastics ; vaulting ; cutting; fencing . Junkers of the school were awarded gold tokens for the difference in jigitovka, as well as in gymnastics.
The training schedule was tough: even in severe frosts - the training hour shift work on the garrison square. In case of soft snow - riding with a sword, chopping with a saber, injections with a dive and, finally, horse riding. The senior class went hunting with their own wolves, released in the steppes into the wild.
In July, the school went on a training camp: on a hike along the Orenburg villages, villages and Tatar villages. In this campaign, the cadets performed the duties of ordinary Cossacks.
Horse riding included exercises in riding and field riding, on the rides of young and "stupid" horses, hunting on an artificial trail.
The drill service was one of the winter classes and included exercises: stances, turns, movements, techniques with a sword on a horse and on foot, receptions with a rifle, and honor.
The program of winter gymnastics classes included the following exercises without shells: moving legs in place; squats, jumping and taking off, running long and high, jumping down, jumping with shotguns, jumping across the moat, jumping forward and to the side, jumping forward from the squatting position, jumping down from a hanging position, jumping from places balancing on one leg, exercises for the arms and for the torso, lying exercises; exercises with interaction in pairs, ranks and groups; wrestling, chain wrestling; carrying the wounded on his hands and on the sacrum; running, measured running, accelerated running, running around the line, running with obstacles, running for endurance, running into steepness and running away from it, running on heels, running in place, running with throwing your legs forward, running with folding your heels, running on toes without bending your knees, running in a ditch, running in zigzags, running in a snake, running in a web, running in a wheel, running in closed parts. During gymnastic exercises, shells were used: pole, rope, barrier, horizontal and inclined boards, logs, parallel bars, horizontal bar, inclined stairs, wall, horse, horizontal stick supported by arms and shoulders. The number of gymnastic exercises with shells included: running into an inclined board and running away from it with and without a gun; crawling on a log, fighting on a log, to disperse to two who met on a log; balancing on the board; jumping on a horse on a saddle from a groats; jump on a saddle on socks, jumping on a horse and through it; climbing and climbing stairs, climbing stairs on one hand; climbing over the wall with a run; climbing on a pole, on two and three poles, climbing from pole to pole; Climbing with and without legs. During gymnastic classes the games were held: pulling a rope; German blind men; leapfrog; distance running.
Vaulting aims to develop and strengthen the cavalryman, to build self-confidence and instill dexterity and courage when dismounting and when jumping on a horse. Classes were held on the Voltigera and on the combat saddle at a gallop and trot, both without weapons and in full arms. Dzhigitovka was carried out according to the drill charter.
The purpose of the cutting is to develop the strength and flexibility of the hand, to master the techniques of well-aimed and strong blows, and stabs with cold weapons (a saber, bayonet) into objects on a horse in all gait. Felling, was one of the disciplines studied in the winter. Felling was carried out (vines, clay, stuffed animals) in stages: on foot, on a wooden horse, on a horse. Single training.
The program of winter fencing included fencing on rapiers, fencing on espadrons, free-fight on foot and on horseback against drafts and spades. The goal is to teach the cadet techniques for combat on checkers.
In addition to winter classes, summer classes were also held at the school. The summer period of classes began in mid-May and ended on September 1. During training for three summer periods, drill and practical exercises were conducted in the field. Summer activities, in particular, included swimming, field riding and horse riding.
The subject of swimming was to teach (if possible) cadets to cross a river of at least 50 fathoms wide without armament, equipment and uniforms.
Horse hunting, which was part of the summer classes of junkers, was considered an element of physical education. The head of the Orenburg Cossack Cadet Junker School wrote in a note addressed to the Minister of War the following: “Then, in the direction of developing the qualities that are desirable in them, as in military people, in the race, I consider it useful and possible to allow gun cadets to participate in parfum and hunting. Hunting contributes to the development of stamina, resourcefulness, a quick wit, ability to navigate and the ability to handle weapons. "
From the memoirs of the head of the Orenburg school, General V.A. Potto:
.“... horse-riding is of great importance already because, in addition to its practical goal of teaching a person to be at home on a horse, and precisely to form from him a centaur with which the horse is one indivisible whole, it develops in man still boundless courage, daring, youth , contempt for danger, dulls the sense of self-preservation in him and teaches us not to lose the presence of spirit in the most critical minutes - qualities that are extremely important for the cavalryman in general, and for the Cossack in particular. From this point of view, that is, from the point of view of moral temper, horse-riding should serve as an excellent military school, and therefore - it should be given a relatively large part of the time. I demanded that each junker must: lift objects on the gallop, both on the right and on the left; shoot at a gallop in all directions; roll off the saddle so as to hide from the enemy’s shot; to put a horse to shoot because of it, as because of a parapet; jump off a horse and jump into the saddle on a quarry; change horses for a gallop, jumping from one horse to another; on foot to a junker, jump on a quarry in the saddle to a friend; swimming with a horse and weapons. Then the jump, standing in the saddle, jumping while standing across the ditches and barriers, saddling the horse and other tricks, although it seemed only to those who wanted it, but the Chiefs of Staff, both Major General Zverev and Major General Woide, were present more than once at competitions of junkers in a jigitovka for a prize, of course, confirm that there were not many in a hundred of junkers who would not have performed any of the above programs.
To achieve such results in jigitovka, as experience shows, is very easy: you just need to learn to act on the pride of the junkers, to give them complete freedom in exercises, and to conduct classes only in accordance with the established Cossack customs "
In his memoirs, V.A. Potto writes about the importance of cutting with sharp weapons:
.“Only that cavalryman will look for hand-to-hand combat with an adversary who is convinced that he knows how to chop, and to learn this art: you can only use sharp weapons. True, this art is not easy, and requires relatively significant expenses for stuffed animals, but in its amusement, it develops strength, dexterity and the ability to use weapons in young people, and most importantly, love for it is much more than fencing, which is completely unsuitable in battle .
For the lack of teachers and instructors, for this purpose I kept at the school several old Cossacks of the Kuban army, whose art of hacking was brought to perfect perfection. ”
The old Cossack tradition of throwing a horse with a lasso was highly appreciated at the school, about which V. A. Potto speaks as follows:
.“I wanted to resurrect this old and, unfortunately, almost forgotten Cossack custom, which, however, can find great use in future wars. In the dexterous and strong hands of the Cossack, the lasso represents a terrible weapon and extremely suitable where you need to grab someone, capture a tongue or disrupt the sentry, and there will be many cases of this during a quick chase, on the road, in ambushes, etc. "Cossack schools are obliged to teach junkers to respect their old fighting traditions."
V.A. Potto was the first to introduce nightly exercises into the closed ranks:
.“I was prompted to this by the idea that military operations in the steppe took place mainly at night, so it was natural to accustom cadets to night movements on fast gait and even on a quarry. In my opinion, these teachings have been of great benefit especially in relation to the discipline of the unit. Only with strict discipline, with general and intense attention, such exercises could do without accidents, and these cases weren’t ”
Many innovations that were of great practical importance for the combat activities of future Cossack officers were also included in the number of practical summer classes at the Orenburg Cossack Cadet School. Such innovations included the so-called “trips to the bunker”, practical fortifications, night river crossings and night training raids. About the first of these innovations, V. A. Potto writes the following:
.“In the number of practical summer classes, I introduced the so-called“ trips to the bunker, ”which constitute the only way in the steppe to transmit news and to maintain communications between the steppe units and fortifications. For this, the cadets, two by two, with their clockwork horses went to the Ak-Tyube steppe fortification and returned back, doing four hundred seventy versts (501 km) at four days, and they made route surveys and delivered a topographical note about the area. Such exercises, accustoming the junkers to stay on horseback for a long time, gave them the opportunity to become practically familiar with how to handle a horse with such long and quick journeys. I believe, however, that since this is a feature of the Orenburg Territory, it should remain in only one Orenburg school ”
The physical development of Cossack junkers was also facilitated by the fact that the classes on fortification were not limited only by the requirements of the program, but were also supplemented by practical work on the ground.
.“So, during the maneuvers, the junkers arranged earthen pockets and bakery ovens for themselves, developed slopes for the passage of guns and crews, compared and poured roads and built bridges across ravines and rivers. One of the bridges built by the junkers across the Kargalka River on the postal road from Orenburg to the village of Pokrovka serves as a clear monument to these works. The construction of this bridge, which was due to maneuvers, was completed by the junkers in two days, despite heavy rain, and was carried out in such a thorough way that the bridge serves the Zemstvo eight years without any repair. He is known among the people under the name of the Junker bridge. ""
In addition to the above-mentioned night equestrian exercises in closed ranks on fast gait and even on a quarry, V. A. Potto conducted other night classes at the school, which contributed to the physical development of cadets. Such activities included night river crossings and night training raids.
.“In relation to the crossings that cavalry so often happen at night, I constantly repeated to the junkers the words of the famous Cossack general Illovaysky, which he said to Emperor Alexander I:“ The River, Sovereign, the Cossacks are not an obstacle. ” In order to confirm them in this truth, I sent the junkers in small teams and ordered them to get over on a dark night, as they know and how they can, through the deep and fast Sakmara, behind which the enemy stood. In order not to be noticed by the enemy, who in turn guarded the shore, the junkers had to choose the most dangerous and difficult places for crossing. Someone who swam in leather tursuks, who tied some rafts, who threw themselves on a rushing log and on it, clutching at others, nailed them to the opposite bank with their help. Courage, delete, risk, and most importantly, estimates were expressed at the same time. The rafts were moving apart, the logs were turning over, the junkers were plunged into the water - and yet they were returning in the same way with the most accurate and correct information. As for the night training raids, such classes were especially popular with junkers, reminding them of the old military Cossack traditions. Here is how V. A. Potto described in his memoirs the conduct of such classes.
“The night raids, usually carried out in the darkest times, caused particular pleasure for the cunkers. Sometimes these raids were sent to places that could be considered positively inaccessible to the cavalry. I remember the delight of young people when the strongest party, with which I myself and the officer of the General Staff, who was in charge of the work, was precisely due to such a terrain, was taken by surprise and defeated ""
An additional component was focused on the maximum adaptation of Cossack junkers to the local conditions of their future combat activities. At the Orenburg Cossack Junker School, this additional component was developed to the highest degree thanks to the efforts of the outstanding military teacher and historian General V.A. Potto.
For each special subject, practical exercises and testing were carried out.
For cadets, performances, concerts and leisure evenings were organized. Much work in this direction was carried out by A. I. Dutov . School holidays were held solemnly and ended with a ball. The Junkers Ball was considered the best in the city [4] .
After the final exams, the junkers were made into officers, and in accordance with the results of studies and discipline they could be issued in the 1st category, regardless of the availability of vacant seats, and officers released in the 2nd category could receive an officer’s rank only on vacancies. And those graduates for whom the 3rd grade was established could receive an officer rank in a few months and provided that by this time the pupils of the same grade who had graduated from the 2nd grade school were assigned to officer posts. It was put into practice the annual publication of lists of cadets who passed the exams for the production of officers.
Two prizes were awarded annually for the most distinguished cadets in their studies: in the amount of 100 and 50 rubles [5]
Barracks and training facilities
On the territory of the school there was a two-story building of the barracks type with stove heating. It is warm in winter and cool in summer. The outer wall thickness is about a meter.
On the first floor there was a stable, on the second - a barracks of junkers. Learning Campus. Drill parade ground. Sports town. During earthworks in 1970, cesspools were discovered from the ends of the building.
The walls of the school were decorated with a collection of more than a thousand paintings, drawings and portraits on Russian military history - the Military Picture Gallery. The battle traditions of the foreign Cossacks, the names of the outstanding military leaders of the Caucasus, Turkestan, the heroic deeds of the Sevastopol Defense, the Patriotic and other wars were included in the Military Reader compiled by him. Described vividly and fascinatingly, they served as topics for military conversations with junkers.
Under Colonel Potto V.A., much was done to improve the school: a library of several thousand volumes, a collection of cold steel and firearms were opened, an arena and a school church were built .
There was a famous museum where the banners won by the Cossacks from the enemy during campaigns and expeditions were kept. Outside the city were cunk camps for fieldwork.
Dress code and badge
In 1903, the head of the General Staff school, Colonel M. G. Mikheev, ensured that the Cossack Troops took over all the uniforms of the cadets, as well as their uniforms for production as officers, for each cunker belonged to the Army.
The graduation as an officer in 1904 was not dressed for the personal money of the junkers, but for the military. In the same year, a uniform uniform was introduced at the Orenburg School on the model of the Orenburg Army, but unlike him, not with blue, but with scarlet epaulets.
In 1912, the encryption on school uniforms was abolished; shoulder straps of the cadets of the school turned light blue. School officers received a sewing of military schools on the collar.
By the beginning of World War I, the form was divided into wartime and peacetime.
The wartime uniform was worn by order of the head of the school and consisted of a marching cloth shirt of a protective color with epaulets or a tunic; bloomers (black, shortened); single-belt belt; shoulder harness; checkers with a lanyard, bayonet or cleaver at the belt-junkers (infantry); high boots and spurs; protective color caps with a visor; brown gloves (in the ranks to whom they were assigned; upon dismissal on leave - at will); overcoats of an infantry or cavalry type; revolving holster with a revolver and a cord to it or a rifle (infantry); hood.
The form of peacetime was divided into: ceremonial; ordinary; official; homework.
Dress form : uniform; short harem pants; belt; sergeants have a white leather belt; checker; officer lanyard (if assigned); knee-high boots; spurs; shako with pompom and brushes; awards and badges; white suede gloves; greatcoat; headphones (by order). The uniform was worn on shows, parades, on the day of the church holiday (school day), during the consecration of the banner and standards, on the days of the accession to the throne of the Emperor, the Holy Coronation of their majesties, the birth and namesake of their majesties, in the marriage ceremony by the best men, during the burial of generals , headquarters and chief officers, lower ranks, going on vacation on holidays.
The ordinary uniform differed from the front in that the junkers were put on a shako without a pompom and brown gloves instead of white ones. The overcoat was worn on the sleeves. Junkers (Cossacks) wore epaulettes instead of epaulettes. The sultan was removed from the lancer's hat or shako and the lapel was unfastened. The form was worn by those present when nailing banners and standards in the Highest Presence; at church ceremonies on Sundays and public holidays; when laying and consecrating the church and state buildings; during the marriage ceremony, by the perceivers from the font and during the removal of the Holy Shroud; at official balls and dance evenings in an educational institution; in the burial of civilian ranks of all departments, civilians and ladies; on official funeral services; in all cases when the order was received by the authorities to be in military uniform, when entering combat training and in all cases when a different uniform was not indicated, with all official outfits, when dismissed on ordinary days, and also on suburban leave. In the official form, it was supposed to appear at the apartment with the bosses; in this case, it was necessary to remove the overcoat, put on a weapon and a waist belt over the uniform, and keep the hat in hand. The uniform was put on by the junkers during the holidays to present a vacation ticket to the commandant's office.
The service uniform included: a uniform or shirt (if ordered), short harem pants, a waist belt, high boots, a visor (for sergeants, a cap with a visor), military awards and insignia, brown gloves, an overcoat in sleeves (without a cap), headphones (in special cases) ), head (on order).
The home (everyday, inside the school) uniform was worn during lectures, leisure, some combat training, during lunch, and included a gymnastic shirt in protective color, with epaulets (and a uniform in uniform until 1908), long black harem pants, waist belt, short boots, visor when leaving the school building, awards and badges (optional), overcoat - (at will or upon order when leaving the school building) wear a greatcoat.
Junkers had three types of hats: a shako, a visor and a summer cap. Junker Cossack hundreds - hats. Outside the line, the removed headdress was held in the left lowered hand: shako - bottom forward, coat of arms up, thumb outside, towards the coat of arms, and the remaining fingers inside; peakless cap - behind the tulle, cockade forward, chin strap removed; peak-cap with a visor - behind the visor, the bottom forward, the thumb on top of the visor, towards the cockade, the remaining fingers are inside. In all cases, when the headdress was removed, the glove from the right hand was removed at the same time. She was placed on the visor or on the top of the headgear and held with her hand. In formation, the removed shako was held on the left bent arm at the height of the belt, with the coat of arms (cockade) to the right. The overcoat served as outerwear for all forms (without exception), put on in sleeves (in a cap, in rolled up form) threw over the left shoulder (at horse ranks it was attached to a saddle).
At temperatures above +10 ° C and when leaving on vacation, the junker must be without an overcoat; overcoats were thrown from +5 to +10 ° C; below +5 ° C - put them on the sleeves. The rolled overcoats are only for junkers in service. Those present at the junker shows and exercises put on their greatcoats as the troops did. It was not permitted to wear waterproof coats and cloaks. Pieces and headphones worn when frost below −10 ° C. Bashlyk was worn under epaulettes, on his head, or tied around his neck in the form of a stand-up collar. Pieces or headphones in the ranks were put on by special order.
When dressing and attending balls, theaters, and concerts, the cadets wore white suede gloves. In other cases, brown gloves were relied on: like or gloves in the summer and woolen gloves the rest of the year. In the ranks, brown gloves were relied on to sergeant-elders and senior belt-junkers, and other junkers wore brown wool gloves in frosts above −10 ° С (by order).
Spurs relied to all cadets of the non-commissioned officer rank upon dismissal on vacation.
When they were dismissed on vacation, the junkers always carried weapons. For cadets (infantry) - a bayonet in a scabbard, for Cossacks - a saber, for belt-cadets - a cleaver with an officer lanyard. Feldfebelami, in addition to a revolver, relied checker with officer lanyard. In the location of the school, only feldwebel and sung-junkers were allowed to wear spurs with high boots. It was allowed to carry a revolver in a holster.
Insignia of feldwebel and sung-junkers. The sergeants were assigned epaulettes from wide gold (silver) galloon; cap with a visor and additional tape along the upper edge of the outer rim of the shako. The senior cadet belt was assigned three straps for shoulder straps from the bass braid, the youngest - two lines. The lanyard of the officer model was supposed.
Vice-sergeants, vice non-commissioned officers were supposed to remove weapons when attending church, at balls and dances.
The uniform was fastened with all the buttons and both hooks of the collar.
Sharovary was supposed to be pulled up with a corset, no lap was allowed. The overcoat, worn in sleeves, was fastened with all the hooks, in vain, with the hooks of the collar and the upper side hook. During walks in the school's location, it was allowed not to fasten the collar hooks when the overcoat was not on the coat, and not to wear a waist belt over the overcoat when it was put on the sleeves.
The visor was supposed to be worn so that one finger passed between it and the right eyebrow, and four fingers above the left ear. During horseback riding, the chin belts were lowered and fitted so that they rested close to the chin, at any other time they would be removed. The shako and a cap were put on directly, without an inclination.
The gymnastic shirt was fastened with all the buttons, belted with a waist belt. The collar of the shirt was allowed to be unfastened only in smoking rooms and in the bedrooms during the afternoon rest.
Bashlyk was worn under epaulettes, the cap folded flat on the back, the ends crossed on the chest (with the left on top), bent and tucked in the waist belt. If the headpiece was worn on the head, then its ends were wound around the neck. If he was tied around his neck, then the ends were tied in a knot in front of the collar.
Junker glasses could only be worn out of order. They were forbidden to wear pince-nez, rings, and key chains. Since 1911, junkers were allowed to wear watches without exposing chains.
The awards on the chest of the junker were worn in full and ordinary uniforms in all cases, while in service uniforms - only on vacation. Crosses and medals were worn on a uniform, on a tunic or attached to an overcoat worn in sleeves. The reward pad was located on the double-breasted uniform - in the middle of the chest, on the single-breasted uniform, overcoat worn in the sleeves, and on the gymnastic shirt - on the left side of the chest.
July 1918 (Orenburg). The household unit dealt with the outfit, and the junkers were dressed in uniform - protective shirts, blue riding breeches and leather boots, although the uniform was roughly sewn. February 1919 (Irkutsk) Since the graduates left in their uniforms, the ranks of young cadets became motivated - the overcoats were now both Russian and Japanese, some were in short fur coats, the same with boots - there were both Russian and Japanese, even some rifles was changed to Japanese ... [6] .
The right to wear a token was granted to all officers and class officers who had completed full-time training who served in full-time positions.
Breastplates established for persons who graduated from higher or secondary educational institutions of a civilian department, cadets had the right to wear all forms of clothing when it was announced in the order for the school, on the right side of the chest on its uniform, gymnastic shirt and overcoat, worn in the sleeves.
The mark for excellent shooting was worn on the right side of the chest.
Weapons
Administrative staff
- 1867-1870 - Colonel V.P. Kotov
- 10.10.1870-19.12.1881 - Colonel Potto, Vasily Alexandrovich
- 12.19.1881-02.12.1885 - General Staff Lt. Col. (c. 30.08.1883 Colonel ) Gershelman, Fedor Konstantinovich
- 1885-1890 - Colonel Kozlovsky, Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1892-189? - Colonel Muromtsev, Emanuel Semenovich
- 02.24.1895-01.04.1902 - General Staff Colonel Grigorov, Vasily Vasilyevich
- 08/07/1902-06.12.1907 - General Staff Colonel Mikheev, Mikhail Grigoryevich
- 01/03/1908-1918, 1919-1920 - Colonel General Staff (from 04/14/1913 Major General ) Slesarev, Konstantin Maximovich
- Adaridi, August-Karl-Mikhail Mikhailovich - captain (lieutenant colonel from 08.30.1892) was seconded to teach military sciences from 07.27.1892 to 02.10.1894;
- Dutov, Alexander Ilyich - the assistant to the inspector of classes, part-time clerk of the school church, teacher of tactics, topography and equestrian engineering (09.1909-1912), later ataman of the Orenburg Cossacks;
- Reshchikov, Nikolai Petrovich - lieutenant colonel , seconded to teach military sciences from 01.16.1888 to 01.07.1892;
- Narbut, Dmitry Vladimirovich - lieutenant colonel , teacher of artillery mathematics;
- Mikhailov - colonel , class inspector.
- Terets - commander of hundreds of junkers;
- Bocharov - military foreman ;
- Ryabov - the hundredth Yesaul (captain).
The selection of officers for the positions of educators was carried out by the head of the school from the category of junior officers, as a rule, from combat units with a service life of 4 to 5 years from the position of company commander or equivalent. The Ministry of War established certain privileges in relation to educational officers: they were listed in their units, which made it possible to receive regular military ranks in a timely manner; receive table money, along with battalion commanders; in case of departure from the school after the established period, the teacher, at his request, could continue to serve in the guard units or go to a distant garrison with a rank one level higher than his position; subject to conscientious service in the school is allowed to enter the military academy.
The officer-educator was assigned a training department of up to 40 people.
Famous Graduates
- Akulinin, Ivan Grigorievich (1903) - Major General
- Akutin, Vladimir Ivanovich (07.1880) - Lieutenant General
- Almetev, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1892 1st class, awarded weapons for excellent graduation), Colonel
- Aslamov, Xenophon Mikhailovich (1902) - Major General
- Borodin, Vasily Aristarkhovich (1903) - Major General
- Borodin, Georgy Kondratievich (1879) - Major General
- Burlin, Peter Gavrilovich (1903) - Major General
- Vyazigin, Nikolai Fedorovich (1878) - Major General
- Gamaliy, Vasily Danilovich - Colonel
- Grechkin, Ilya Georgievich - Colonel
- Dautokov-Serebryakov, Zaurbek Aslanbekovich - Major General
- Dashkin, Zaynetdin (07.1880) - Major General , Prince
- Enborisov, Gavriil Vasilievich (1892), Colonel
- Eremin, Alexander Klimentevich (1893) - Colonel
- Zagrebin, Lev Vasilievich (1892) - Major General
- Zaitsev, Ivan Matveevich (1898) - Major General
- Zamyatin, Matvey Ivanovich - Colonel
- Zuev, Aristarkh Vasilievich - Colonel
- Zhigalin, Leonid Ivanovich (1878) - Lieutenant General
- Kashirin, Nikolai Dmitrievich - commander of the 2nd rank
- Kravtsov, Alexander Yakovlevich (1914, 1st rank) - military foreman
- Krasnov, Georgy Ivanovich (1896) - Colonel
- Kulikov, Vasily Vasilievich (1880) - Major General
- Loginov, Alexander Matveevich (1878) - major general
- Maksimov, Mitrofan Ivanovich (1873) - major general
- Makhin, Fedor Evdokimovich [7] - Colonel of the White Army, Lieutenant General of the Yugoslav Army
- Negodnov, Amos Karpovich (1904) - Major General
- Pechenkin, Vasily Mikhailovich (1884, 2nd category) - Major General
- Semenov, Grigory Mikhailovich - lieutenant general , military chieftain
- Serov, Markel Georgievich (1891, 1st rank) - Major General
- Khlebnikov, Petr Vasilievich (1883) - Major General
- Shivtsov, Ivan Ilyich (1879) - Colonel
- Schepikhin, Sergey Arefievich - Major General
- Zarudny, Nikolay Alekseevich
- Eliseev, Fyodor Ivanovich (1913), awarded two gold tokens (dzhigitovka, gymnastics)
- Zubkov, Vladimir Yakovlevich (1919)
- Masyanov, Leonty Lukyanovich
- Perfiliev, Alexander Mikhailovich
- Tretyakov, Vladimir Ivanovich
- Khudyakov, Nikolai Pavlovich (12/06/1893 - 12/19/1947)
- Ryazanov, Alexander Fedorovich (1902)
- Plekhankov, Pavel Ivanovich - Archimandrite
- Almetev, Nikolai Mikhailovich
- Vertepov, Sergey Alekseevich (1913)
- Sins, Nikolai Nikitich
- Gumburg, Nikolai Alexandrovich
- Kasyanov, Vasily Fedorovich
- Kovalenkov, Vasily Petrovich (1886)
- Lisunov, Pavel Ivanovich
- Mikhailov, Konstantin Nikolaevich (1915)
- Panov, Zakhary Stepanovich (1908)
- Nemukhin Anton Alexandrovich (1912)
- Sveshnikov, Pavel Petrovich (1897)
- Smirnykh, Alexander Vasilievich
- Tsallagov, Konstantin Vasilievich
Applications
- ↑ Ganin A.V. Ataman A.I. Dutov. ISBN 5-9524-2447-3 . M: Centerpolygraph, 2006, p. 201.
- ↑ White movement. Encyclopedia of the Civil War. St. Petersburg, 2003.S. 378.
- ↑ Elenevsky A. Military schools in Siberia (1918-1822) // Cadets and cadets in the white struggle and in a foreign land. M., 2003. p. 418-419.
- ↑ Eliseev F.I. Op. S. 130.
- ↑ State Archive of the Orenburg Region (GAOO). F. 185. Op. 1. D. 106a. L. 1; 4ob.
- ↑ Elenevsky A. Military schools in Siberia (1918-1922) // Cadets and cadets in the White struggle and in a foreign land. M., 2003. S. 414, 417
- ↑ http://www.grwar.ru/persons/persons.html?id=805 Makhin Fedor Evdokimovich
Literature
- Ganin A.V. Ataman A.I. Dutov. ISBN 5-9524-2447-3 . M: Tsentrpoligraf, 2006 .-- 688 p. (Russia forgotten and unknown).
- Ganin A.V., Semenov V.G. Officer corps of the Orenburg Cossack army. 1891-1945, ISBN 978-5-85887-259-7 . Russian style, 2007 .-- 756 p.
- Eliseev F.I. Orenburg Cossack Military School. New York, 1967.
- Markov. A. Cadets and Junkers. Russian cadets and junkers in peacetime and in war. Buenos Aires: Publication of the General Cadet Association in San Francisco, 1961. - 302 p.
- Strelyanov P.N. (Kalabukhov) . "Steppe School" - Orenburg Cossack Military School (inaccessible link) .
- Sheveleva E. N. Breastplates of the Russian army - St. Petersburg: Farn, 1993. - 175 p.
- Junker schools // Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron . - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron, 1890-1907.
- Russian literature of the XX century. Prose writers, poets, dramaturgy: biobibl. Dictionary in 3 vols. / Ed. N. N. Skatova. ISBN 5-94848-262-6 - M .: OLMA-PRESS Invest, 2005. - T.2 Z-O. 720 s silt