Tula region

The region is located in the center of the East European (Russian) plain , occupying the north-eastern part of the Central Russian Upland (up to 293 m high), within the zone of deciduous forests and forest-steppe. The deciduous forest zone occupies the western, northern, and northeastern regions. Forest-steppe zone - southern and eastern regions of the region. The boundary between them is the distribution boundary of chernozems. The length of the region from north to south is 200 km, from west to east - 190 km. Moscow time is valid in the region , and the time zone is UTC + 3 .

Relief

By the nature of the surface, it is a gently sloping plain intersected by river valleys, gullies and ravines. There are karst relief forms - failed funnels, hollows, underground voids, caves (near Venev ) with long passages, beautiful high grottoes covered with calcite sags. The highest point of the surface - 293 meters is located in the village of Raevo of the Teplo-Ogarevsky district (also the highest elevation of the Central Russian Upland ^[8] ), the lowest natural elevation - 108 meters - is located on the banks of the Oka River on the border with the Moscow Region.

Minerals

About half of the ore deposits of the Moscow coal basin , estimated at 1.5 billion tons (deposits near the settlements Ageevskoye , Smorodinskoye , Donskoy , Shchekino and Venev ), are concentrated within the region.

More than 20 strontium ore deposits with total estimated resources of approx. 200 million tons

In the south-west are large deposits of peat . Deposits of various building materials are significant, especially limestone , the development of which has been going on from the XIV - XV centuries (see Guryev quarries ), as well as clay , sand and gypsum . There are industrial reserves of iron ore , several sources of mineral waters are known.

Climate

The climate is temperate continental, characterized by moderately cold winters with frequent thaws and warm summers. The average annual temperature is +5 ° C (standard deviation 11 ° C), the average January temperature is −10 ° C, July +20 ° C. The duration of the period with positive temperatures is 220-225 days. The annual rainfall varies from 575 mm in the northwest to 470 mm in the southeast. In the frost-free period, 70% of precipitation falls (maximum in July). In climatic terms, the region can be divided into two parts: the northwest, which is characterized by slightly higher humidity, milder winters and cooler summers, and the south-east, characterized by less moisture, hotter summers and cold winters.

There are seven meteorological stations in the region ( Tula , Efremov , Volovo , Uzlovaya, Suvorov, Plavsk, Aleksin) of Roshydromet ^[9] .

Hydrography

Most of the rivers (80%) belong to the Oka basin - the largest and only navigable river in the region, a small part (20%) - to the Don basin. The Oka flows along the western and northwestern outskirts of the region; the main tributaries are Upa , Sturgeon , Zusha . In the eastern part of the region there are sources and a section of the upper reaches of the Don River ; its main tributaries are Nykryadva and the Beautiful Sword . The largest lakes are Shilovskoe and Zhupel , of karst origin ^[10] . Main reservoirs: Pronskoye , Shatskoye , Cherepetskoye , Shchekinskoye and Lyubovskoye . Due to the peculiarity of the region's relief, there is a lack of water supply in the largest cities.

Soil

Soils in the west are sod-podzolic sandy loam soils, gray forest soils in the northern and central western parts, degraded and leached chernozems in the center and east, and a small area of ​​thick and fat chernozems in the extreme south. In the southeast - the most fertile chernozem soils.

Vegetation

Forests occupy about 3.38 thousand km² or 13% of the territory, 2.91 thousand km² of forests make up the state forest fund, performing sanitary and recreational functions. The most forested northwest region. Forests are mainly deciduous ( oak , birch , aspen , etc.). On the border with the forest-steppe runs a strip of broad-leaved forests (oak forests with linden , maple , ash , elm , etc.), known as the “ Tula settlements ”. In the XVI - XVII centuries, they served as the protection of the southern borders of the Russian state and were under special protection.

Suitable for operation is 8 million m³ of wood. Estimated cutting area is used at 70-80%.

Fauna

There are wolf , fox , moose , wild boar , roe deer , otter , polecat , hare , squirrel , ground squirrel , European mink , Canadian beaver , gingerbread party and other animal species in the region. Of the birds, rooks , starlings , swallows , swifts , sparrows , ducks , waders , partridges , magpies are most common; of fish - roach , perch , bream , pike , burbot , crucian carp , crucian carp red. Of the reptiles - the viper , and others

Ecology

In 1986, the Tula region was severely affected by the Chernobyl disaster , due to radioactive fallout some lands were infected and became unusable for agriculture on an area of ​​11.8 thousand km², which amounted to about half (46.8%) its territory. The density of radioactive contamination of the soil with cesium-137 averaged from 1 to 15 Ci / km². 27% of the lands of forest plots as part of the lands of the forest fund were exposed to radioactive contamination. The area of ​​forest contamination with cesium-137 radionuclides is 78.388 thousand ha. According to some reports, in the city of Plavsk , an increased radiation background of about 20 microroentgen per hour is still preserved. ^[11] .

In 2015, in the Tula region, the number of settlements within the boundaries of the zones of radioactive contamination decreased to 1215, of which 27 are in the zone of residence with the right to resettlement and 1188 in the zone with preferential socio-economic status ^[12] .

The centers of increased concentrations of pollutants are industrial cities, especially: Aleksin , Tula , Shchekino , Novomoskovsk , Uzlovaya , Kimovsk and Efremov . According to the report on the environmental situation in the Tula region for 2010 in the atmospheric air, an excess of the MPC for suspended solids was found (in 2009 - 6.2%), carbon monoxide an excess of the MPC (in 2009 - 0.9%), formaldehyde 13 exceed MPC (in 2009 - 4.9%). Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources for 2010 according to forecast data amounted to 154 thousand tons / year.

Over the past 3 years, more than 280 people have been resettled from the SPZ of industrial enterprises. The volume of discharged contaminated wastewater into surface water bodies in 2010 according to forecast data amounted to 190 million cubic meters. River pollution levels correspond to quality classes 3A “polluted” and 4A “dirty”. On the territory of the Tula region, centralized drinking water supply of the population is provided from underground sources, surface sources are used only for recreational purposes. In 2010, the number of water supply sources decreased by 28 wells. In 2010, the indicator of the number of water pipelines from underground sources that do not comply with sanitary norms and rules due to the lack of the necessary complex of treatment facilities remains at the level of 2009 and amounts to 5.6%.

In 2010, the Red Book of the Tula Region: Plants and Mushrooms was first published, the official publication containing information on the state, distribution and necessary measures of protection of 292 plant objects, including 165 species of vascular plants, 44 - bryophytes, 25 - lichens and 58 types of mushrooms.

Ecological organizations function in the Tula region, the largest of which is the ECA Interregional Public Organization.

The early settlement of the territory of the Tula region is associated with the end of the Paleolithic (about X thousand BC). Mesolithic (VIII — VI millennium BC) and Neolithic (V — III millennium BC) camps, as well as Bronze Age settlements (III – II millennium BC) were also found.

In the early Iron Age (I millennium BC), tribes of the Upper Oka archaeological culture appeared.

Over time, aliens from the territory of the river basin. The gums influenced the development of the local population and formed a new culture by the 4th century AD. e. “Moshchinsky” (the name is given by the place in the Kaluga region where the settlement was first excavated) - in terms of language, its representatives were, most likely, Balts. The easternmost Baltic group, which occupied in the 4th – 7th centuries. n e. the basin of the upper Oka and the upper reaches of the Dnieper, in ancient times was called roan.

To replace the Balts around the VIII century BC. e. Slavic tribe Vyatichi came to the Tula region. Like wood, the Vyatichi were not bad metallurgists and blacksmiths. Archaeologists have discovered points (VII-IX century, mainly in the southern part of the settlement of the Slavic ethnic group), where the number of furnaces reached 25-30. Vyatichi became part of the Old Russian state . At the beginning of the X century ( 907 ), Vyatichi participated in the campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople. In 910–915, the Suprut settlement was destroyed ^[13] . Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav in 964 and 966 In 981 and 982 Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich fought with the Vyatichs. A century later (1082-1083) Vladimir Monomakh walked “in Vyatichi,” about which he himself mentioned in the lecture to his sons. Cities on the territory of the region: in the XII century , the city of Dedoslavl (supposedly the modern village of Dedilovo of the Kireevsky district) emerged - a fortified craft and trade center, a gathering place for the elders of Vyatichi.

Belev was first mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle in 1147 . In the 16th century, under the specific prince Vasily Romanovich, an oak fortress was built, on the approaches to which the Oka with a coastal scree and a deep artificial moat served as a natural barrier. Novosil - one of the ancient cities of the Tula region, was mentioned for the first time in 1155 . Until 1571, the city ​​was one of the main fortified points of the guard line of the Moscow state.

Aleksin was founded in the XIII century (in 1236 it was called the city of Metropolitan Peter) on the right elevated bank of the Oka River, on both sides of the Mordovka River flowing into it.

Tula was first mentioned in the Nikon Chronicle under 1146 , when describing the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav on the way from Kozelsk to Ryazan. However, at the present stage, researchers argue that the first mention, more reliable, can be considered an agreement between Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow and Prince Oleg of Ryazan in 1382 .

In 1507, the Brief Cyril-Beloozersky chronicler reports: “The city of stone was built on Tula.” Tula lands in the period of fragmentation: After the collapse of a single Old Russian state, Vladimir-Suzdal and Chernigov princes entered the struggle for the lands of the Vyatichi. Negotiations with the elders of the Vyatichi (a tribe that has so long preserved the vestiges of the clan organization of society) are conducted by the founder of Moscow, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. But in the end, the territory of the region goes to the Chernigov princes. At this time ( XII century ) begins the Christianization of the region. The pagans did not accept the sermon of the monk Kuksha and killed him. By the middle of the 12th century, the specific principalities of Belevskoye, Novosilskoye, Odoevskoye, and Tarusa stood out within the borders of the Chernigov princedom. From the end of the 13th century, Alexin belonged to Tarusa. The principality included the specific principality of Volkonskoy (of the ancient family of which, incidentally, was the mother of L.N. Tolstoy).

There were few cities - fortified centers of specific principalities; the main population was engaged in rural labor. Smoothing of tribal features led to the disappearance by the 13th century of the Vyatich tribal name itself. Tula in the middle of the XIV century was "known to the Basques" of the Tatar queen Taydulla. Only in 1382 did Tula belong to the Moscow Principality in the charter of Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy with Ryazan Prince Oleg. But for a long time the Ryazan princes claimed for it, to which, after half a century (in 1432 ), she left. Only the treasures of the Horde coins (they were found in the vicinity of Tula) and, possibly, the names of ancient villages: Baskakovo, Yakshino, Yamnoe, remind of the cruel conquerors.

A special place in the history of the Tula region is occupied by the Battle of Kulikovo . Cities: Venev under the name of the village is mentioned in the XIV century , and how the city was first mentioned in the annals in 1494 . In 1571, the oldest description of the fortress was compiled, which testified to the military mission of the fortified settlement. The city of Chekalin is a small town on the left high bank of the Oka River in the Suvorov district of the Tula region. Known since 1565 under the name Likhvin, renamed Chekalin in 1944. According to legend, it existed before the invasion of the Tatars in the 13th century, which for desperate resistance gave it the name Dashing. At the end of the XVI century it was part of the Notch Line, was the center of the Likhvin settlements. The city was surrounded by an oak wall and four blank towers.

Krapivna was first mentioned in the will of Dmitry Donskoy, who gave it to his wife Evdokia. It is known that from the end of the XVI century Krapivna became one of the fortresses of the Zasechny line. In 1641, the fortress of Ephraim was built south of Epifani . Bogoroditsk was founded in the spring of 1663 as a fortress for protection from the raids of the Crimean Tatars. Cities were a means of securing the territory as part of the state and its economic development. Town planning activity from the 16th century vividly reflected the process of this expansion.

In 1380, in the southeastern part of the modern region, at the confluence of the Nepryadva River in the Don , the historical Battle of Kulikovo took place , which laid the foundation for the liberation of Russian lands from the Horde yoke . In 1503, the Tula lands were annexed to the Moscow Grand Duchy .

In the XVI - XVII centuries, Tula was an important fortified point on the southern outskirts of the Moscow state.On the Tula land passed the boundary serif line and there were fortified cities.

Индустриальное развитие края началось в XVII веке . В 1696 году тульский кузнец Никита Демидов у устья реки Тулицы построил первые домны и молотовые мастерские, которые явились началом развития кузнечного дела в Туле. Город стал одним из центров русской металлургии и металлообработки. В 1712 году по указу Петра Первого в Туле был основан Государственный оружейный завод , производивший первоклассное оружие для русской армии.

По первому разделению России на губернии в 1708 г. нынешние города Тульской губернии были распределены так: Тула, Алексин, Богородицк, Венев, Епифань, Кашира и Крапивна вошли в Московскую губернию , Белёв и Новосиль — в Киевскую , Ефремов и Чернь — в Азовскую и Одоев в Смоленскую губернию . В 1719 образована Тульская провинция с городами — Тулой, Алексиным, Богородицким, Веневом, Епифанью и Крапивною; в Орловскую провинцию вошли города — Белёв, Новосиль и Чернь, в Елецкую провинцию — Ефремов, в Московскую — Кашира и в Калужскую — Одоев.

9 марта 1777 была образована Тульская губерния . Организацией губернии занялся калужский наместник Кречетников. 19 сентября 1777 образовано Тульское наместничество . В 1796 наместничество упразднено, губерния же сохранилась. В это же время в Туле получили развитие производства самоваров, пряников, гармоник.

С пуском в эксплуатацию в 1855 Малевской копи (к югу от Богородицка ) в губернии начинается регулярная добыча угля Подмосковного бассейна — старейшего углепромышленного района России, месторождения которого были открыты ещё в 1722 крепостными крестьянами И. Палицыным и М. Титовым. Развитию промышленности в крае способствовало строительство железных дорог « Москва — Курск » в 1864 — 1868 и « Сызрань — Вязьма » в 1870 — 1874 .

В 1929 в связи с упразднением губерний Тульская губерния была преобразована в Тульский округ в составе Московской области.

В 1937 была образована Тульская область, которая представляла собой регион с развитой промышленностью и сельским хозяйством.

В годы Великой Отечественной войны на территории Тульской области шли жестокие бои с немецко-фашистскими захватчиками. За мужество и стойкость, проявленные защитниками Тулы при героической обороне города, сыгравшей важную роль в разгроме вражеских войск под Москвой, Тула была удостоена почётного звания « Город-герой ».

В то же время Тульская область единственный регион в Центральном Федеральном округе , который в советское время не был награждён орденом.

В послевоенные годы в Тульской области дальнейшее развитие получили машиностроительная, химическая, металлургическая, угольная промышленность , возникли научно-исследовательские институты и конструкторские бюро.

В 2012—2016 гг. Тульская область показала лучшие темпы экономического роста с момента распада СССР. По росту фактических доходов область вышла на 1 место в ЦФО, заимствования из федерального бюджета снижены на 2 миллиарда рублей, долговая нагрузка снизилась до 32 % (тем самым область поднялась по данному показателю с 49 на 16 место в России и с 7 на 4 место в ЦФО) ^{[14] [15]} . За 2010—2014 годы консолидированный (включающий доходы муниципалитетов) бюджет области вырос на 85 % с 34,5 до 63,7 миллиардов, собственные доходы регионального бюджета увеличились более чем вдвое — с 23,2 до 50 миллиардов ^{[14] [15]} . В 2011—2015 годах область повысила динамику промышленного производства на 51,5 % и вышла по этому показателю на 2 место в Центральном федеральном округе и 5 место в России ^[15] . Объём инвестиций в основной капитал за период 2011—2015 гг. составил 348 миллиардов рублей, их доля в валовом региональном продукте в 2014 году достигла 26,4 %, почти догнав плановый на 2018 год показатель в 27 % ^{[14] [15]} . Благодаря росту снизилась безработица с 5,3 % в 2011 году до 3,7 % в декабре 2015 года (15 и 7 место в стране соответственно). Средний показатель заработной платы увеличился с 17,3 тысяч рублей в 2011 году до 26,8 тысяч рублей в декабре 2015 года (48 и 40 место по стране), а в образовательных учреждениях рост достиг 200—250 %. Достигнуты рекордные за 25 лет темпы жилищного строительства. В 2011—2015 годах было в общей сложности введено 1,7 миллионов м² жилья при вдвое большем объёме ввода жилья в эксплуатацию, чем ранее. По темпам роста жилого фонда область вышла на 6 место в ЦФО и на 32 место в России, а по объёмам переселения — на 1 место в федеральном округе и 7 место в стране ^[15] . Построены 2 новых детских сада, капитально отремонтированы 6, под детские дошкольные учреждения было перепрофилировано 7 зданий, и ещё 4 здания были выкуплены к 2015 году. В конце 2011 года в очереди в детские сады стояло 11104 ребёнка, к апрелю 2015 года их число сократилось до 480. Статистический показатель обеспеченности детей в возрасте 3—7 лет детскими садами достиг 99 % ^[14] . В 2011—2014 гг. отметились заметными улучшениями демографической статистики (выход из демографической ямы): годовая рождаемость выросла с 9,4 до 10 на 1000 человек, смертность снизилась с 17,7 до 17,1 на 1000 человек ^[14] . Производились пожертвования на восстановление одного из колоколов для колокольни Успенского собора Тульского кремля ^{[16] [17]} . С декабря 2012 года зарплата губернатора в размере 48 115 рублей направлялась в фонд тульского Кремля и для организации инвалидов. Пресс-служба губернатора анонсировала перечисление всей зарплаты на благотворительность в течение всего 2013 года ^[18] . Был открыт специализированный кардиологический центр, который позволил снизить показатель смертности из-за сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний на 30 % ^[14] . Создан индустриальный парк «Узловая» на территории Узловского района Тульской области, главным резидентом которого стал китайский автоконцерн Great Wall Motors ^{[14] [15]} . Число госслужащих в региональных органах исполнительной власти сократилось на 35 % с 1289 до 847 человек. Численность муниципальных чиновников за это время сократилась почти вдвое — с 4022 до 2242 человек. По малочисленности госаппарата в пересчёте на душу населения Тульская область в результате реформ вышла на 1 место в ЦФО и второе в России, уступив только Челябинской области, причём средний возраст тульских управленцев сократился до 38 лет. С ростом требований к чиновникам выросла и средняя заработная плата: для областных госслужащих она составила 50 тысяч рублей, для муниципальных — 35,5 тысяч ^[14] .

Численность населения области по данным Росстата составляет 1 478 818 ^[6] чел. (2019). Плотность населения — 57,59 чел./км ² (2019). Городское население — 75,45 ^[19] % (2018).

Изменение численности населения

Urbanization

Всё и городское население (его доля) по данным всесоюзных и всероссийских переписей ^{[20] [21]} :

Тульская область является одним из самых неблагополучных в демографическом отношении регионов и даже на фоне соседей выглядит крайне негативно, ^[22] что связано с действием целого ряда факторов, главными из которых является длительный отток молодого населения из-за близости Московской агломерации, депрессивное состояние промышленности и экономики области в целом, особенно, в малых и средних городах региона, и связанное с этим социальное неблагополучие. Проблемы, присущие многим депрессивным старопромышленным районам, в Тульской области усугубляются её периферийным положением в России. Регион лидирует по показателю естественной убыли населения — 6,8 человек на тысячу ^[23] .

В регионе при большом количестве абортов отмечаются крайне низкая рождаемость — 10,2 ребёнка на тысячу жителей (хуже только в Ленинградской области и Мордовии ) ^[23] . Региону характерна повышенная смертность (1-е место среди регионов ЦФО ) ^[24] на фоне низкой продолжительность жизни — 70,56 лет (один из пяти самых низких показателей по России) ^[24] . Тульская область также является самым пожилым регионом России — на 2016 год 31 % всего населения субъекта составляют люди пенсионного возраста ^[25] .

На 2016 год основными причинами смертности, как и в остальной России, являются заболевания системы кровообращения — это около половины всех зарегистрированных смертей. Тульская область входит в пятёрку регионов с самой высокой смертностью от онкологии, и также области характерны относительно высокие показатели смертности (с третьего до шестого места среди всех регионов) от болезней органов дыхания, убийств, гибели в ДТП, от причин, вызванных употреблением алкоголя, и от болезней органов пищеварения ^[26] .

Национальный состав населения

В Тульской области существует 103 муниципальных образования ^[30] , из них:

• 7 городских округов ,
• 19 муниципальных района ,
• 23 городских поселения ,
• 54 сельских поселений .

Городские округа

Муниципальные районы

Settlements

Населённые пункты с численностью населения более 6,8 тысяч человек

ВРП Тульской области составил в 2017 году 555,9 млрд рублей или 8,6 млрд $ ^[33] .

В структуре ВРП региона на 2016 год (518,6 млрд руб.) выделяются:

• обрабатывающие производства — 40,5 %
• производство и распределение электроэнергии, газа, воды — 3,6 %
• wholesale and retail trade, repair - 12.2%

in agriculture, 7.0% is produced in transport and communications - 6.5% of GRP .

Industry

The structure of industrial production for 2002 :

• chemical industry - 23%,
• mechanical engineering - 22%,
• food industry - 21%,
• ferrous metallurgy - 15%,
• electric power industry - 10%.

Chemical and petrochemical

Mineral fertilizer production

• Novomoskovsk Joint Stock Company Azot , which is part of the Mineral and Chemical Company EuroChem ^[34]
• The company "Shchekinoazot" ^[35]

Household chemicals Novomoskovskbytkhim - Procter & Gamble )

• Synthetic rubber production ( Efremov ),
• Production of rubber products,
• Production of synthetic resins and plastics ( Nodal ),
• Production of synthetic dyes, chemical fibers and threads ( Shchekino ).

Engineering

Oboronnoye ( KBP , Tula Arms Plant , Oktava OJSC , Tula Cartridge Plant), agricultural ( Tula , Plavsk ), instrumental (Venevsky diamond tool factory, Venev ), electronics ( Donskoy and Bogoroditsk ), hoisting-and-transport, mining and mining ( "Severo-Zadonsky Experimental Plant" ^[36] , Yasnogorsk , Tula ), chemical and petrochemical, mechanical engineering for light and food industries.

Food Processing

The most striking representative - the manufacturer of famous gingerbread - confectionery factory " Yasnaya Polyana ". Major representatives of the industry are: Tula combine bakery products ( flour and compound feed ), Tovarkovsky ( Prodimeks )

Metallurgy

Full-cycle production of ferrous metals ( Tula ), blast furnace ( Suvorov , Tula ), powder and non-ferrous metallurgy ( Tula ).

In addition, the construction materials industry is represented (a cement plant with a capacity of 2 million tons per year in Novogurovsky is under construction) and light (textile, sewing) industry.

Energy

The largest facility is the Cherepetskaya State District Power Plant in the city of Suvorov with an electric capacity of 450 MW; in 2018, the generation amounted to 2.06 billion kWh ^{[37] of} electricity, 139.32 thousand Gcal ^{[38] of} thermal energy were supplied, owned by Inter RAO - Power Generation ", ^{[39] the} largest international holding company PJSC Inter RAO

In addition, there are: Shchekinskaya TPP (400 MW) and Novomoskovskaya TPP (261 MW, 866 Gcal / h), Aleksinskaya TPP (102 MW, 215 Gcal / h), Pervomaiskaya TPP (105 MW, 774 Gcal / h) and Efremovskaya TPP (160 MW, 720 Gcal / hour). All listed stations belong to the Tula branch of Quadra .

The total electricity generating capacity in the region is 2528 MW, however, the average annual output is about 6.5 billion kWh and makes up only half of the region’s needs.

Fuel industry

It is based on brown coal reserves, for 2002 there were 3 mines (Podmoskovnaya and Belkovskaya in Venevsky , Vasilyevskaya in Kireevsky district ) and 1 Kimovsky mine. Production in 2001 amounted to 1 million tons (in the 1980s, it reached 25 million tons per year), which covers the need for initial energy resources by a little more than 10%. For 2006, a program to eliminate coal mines, including the Belkovskaya and Kimovsky open pit mines, is in place. In 2009, the last coal mine of the Tula region Podmoskovnaya was closed.

The balance of boiler and furnace fuel is 75% natural gas and 23% coal ( 2004 ).

Energy supplies in 1999 :

• Natural gas - 7.2 billion m³,
• Coal - 973 thousand tons,
• Petroleum products - 571 thousand tons,
• Electricity imports - about 3 billion kWh.

The distance from the center of Tula to the center of Moscow is 185 kilometers.

The regional transport network compares favorably with its development from neighboring regions and of them is second only to the Moscow region.

Car

Highways of federal significance: M2 E 105 "Crimea", M4 E 115 "Don", a small section of M6 E 119 "Caspian", P132 " Kaluga - Tula - Mikhailov - Ryazan ", P92 " Kaluga - Przemysl - Belev - Oryol ". The main automobile junctions are the cities of Tula , Efremov , Belev and Venev . At the beginning of 2010, the length of roads was 4,551 km. With asphalt concrete pavement - 3667 km of roads, cement concrete - 24 km, gravel - 790 km, with unpaved - 70 km.

The region has direct passenger connections with Moscow , with the centers of Bryansk , Voronezh , Tambov , Oryol , Kursk , Kaluga , Lipetsk , and Ryazan regions.

Railway

Railways: electrified trunk lines Moscow - Kharkov - Simferopol (via Yasnogorsk , Tula, Shchekino and Plavsk ), Moscow - Donbass (via Venev , Uzlovaya , Bogoroditsk and Efremov ), diesel lines: historic Syzrano-Vyazemskaya (via Kimovsk , Donskoy , Tulu and Aleksin ), the Plekhanovo-Kozelsk- Sukhinichi line (via Suvorov ), the partially preserved historical Ryazan-Ural road Smolensk-Sukhinichi-Kozelsk-Belev-Gorbachevo-Teploe-Volovo and then to Ranenburg (preserved on the Belev - BUT senevo , disassembled on site Warm - Volovo - Kulikovo Course, p. Kurkino ). In addition, in the vicinity of Novomoskovsk there is a dense network of departmental lines to industrial enterprises and coal mines. Locomotive depot Tula , Uzlovaya , Novomoskovsk .

The total length of the railway lines is about 1 thousand km, of the centers of the municipal regions, only the villages of Odoev , Chern and Arkhangelskoye do not have direct access to the railway network.

A high-speed passenger electric train runs daily between Moscow and Tula, the travel time is 2 hours 20 minutes.

Water

1682 rivers and small rivers flow in the region, both constantly flowing and drying up, with a total length of 10,963 km. Most rivers are less than 5 kilometers long. They make up about 77% of the total number of watercourses. These are the so-called small rivers of the region. Small rivers include almost all the rivers of the region, with the exception of the Oka , Upa , Don and Beautiful Swords .

Characterizing the river network of the Tula region, we can conclude the following:

1. All rivers of the region belong to the flat type. They usually have a calm course and a small drop. This is because the height difference between the sources and mouths of the rivers is insignificant;
2. According to the feeding regime, the rivers of the region are of a mixed type: mainly snow with the participation of rain and ground feeding. All rivers of the region are characterized by significant seasonal fluctuations in water level and uneven runoff over the seasons of the year.

The rivers are most full-flowing in the spring, when they give about 75% of the annual flow. In the summer, despite the increase in rainfall, runoff decreases sharply, rivers become shallow, and the smallest often dry up completely.

Most of the rivers of the region originates within its territory and flows from the central part of the region in various directions, which is determined by the peculiarity of the terrain. The rivers of the region belong to two basins - the Don basin and the Oka basin. The Oka basin within the region accounts for 75% of the territory of the Tula region, the Don basin - 25%. At the same time, the southeastern part of the region is irrigated by the upper reaches of the Don and its tributaries, and the rest of the territory is irrigated by the system of the Oka River .

The region has access to the river network of the European part of Russia, the Oka River from Kaluga , a marina in the town of Aleksin near the villages of Egnyshevka and Bykhovo is included in the list of inland waterways. The main transportation on the site is carried out by Port Serpukhov OJSC: tourist flights along the picturesque Serpukhov - Tarusa routes with numerous rest houses, tourist camps and children's camps; mining and transportation of non-metallic minerals.

Air Transport

Klokovo airport near Tula, an abandoned military airfield near Efremov ( Efremov-3 ), several other airfields and landing sites , including military with unpaved runways . The infrastructure of the airfields is mostly destroyed, flights are made occasionally.

Energy Transport

Tula is a significant gas pipeline hub; gas pipelines run through the region: Yamburg -Tula-2, North Caucasus -Center, Tula- Torzhok , Elets - Serpukhov , Tula- Shostka - Kiev , one of the branches " Nizhny Novgorod - Center"), in addition to the village of Prishnya, a large compressor station is located in Efremov (" Elets - Serpukhov "). About 7 billion m³ / year is supplied to the region alone for domestic consumption; the total gas transport exceeds 13 billion m³ / year.

The Ryazan Oil Refinery - Orel pipeline runs through the region with a branch to Kaluga, which provides fuel for the south of the central European part and exports. The volume of pumped through the region is more than 4 million tons / year.

The region is crossed by the main transmission line of Smolensk NPP - substation Mikhailovskaya ( Ryazan region ). Half of the demand is transferred from the unified energy system to the region - about 6.5 billion kWh / year (equivalent to about 2.2 billion m³ of gas as fuel for a typical TPP ).

Agricultural land occupies 1740 thousand ha ( 2001 ), or 68% of the total area of ​​the region. Arable land occupies 1,465 thousand ha (84% of farmland). In the structure of sown areas, 54% is cereal.

Agriculture is most developed in the southern forest-steppe part of the region; cereals ( barley , wheat ) and fodder crops, sugar beet cultivation, meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding are widespread here. In the northern regions, dairy and beef cattle breeding , fodder crops and potato growing prevail. Foci have developed fruit gardening and vegetable growing .

In 2006, the following was produced: milk - 145.9 thousand tons; meat - 57.8 thousand tons; eggs - 523.7 million pcs .; grain - 819.0 thousand tons; sugar beets - 316.1 thousand tons; potatoes - 739.8 thousand tons. In value terms, production amounted to 17.8 billion rubles.

The main scientific and research organizations of the region have mainly a defense as well as a chemical profile, among them:

• SRI Strela - radar systems and complexes
• State Unitary Enterprise GNPP "Alloy" - multiple launch rocket systems, artillery shells
• Instrument Design Bureau - anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems
• TsKIB sports and hunting weapons
• Tula Technological Institute and Aleksinsky SKTB - mechanical engineering
• NIPI monomers
• Tula Institute for the Design of Chemical Industry (Giprokhim)
• Novomoskovsk Institute of Nitrogen Industry
• Novomoskovsk Institute of PNIUI
• Tula Research Geological Enterprise
• NIIPK Coal Institute
• Tula OKB “Oktava” OJSC and Tula OKBA - instrument making and radio electronics
• Central Research Institute of Management Systems , Research Institute of Reprography , PKTI ACS - Information Technologies
• Research Institute of New Medical Technologies
• Research Institute of Agriculture

The region has a developed system of vocational education - more than eighty professional and secondary vocational schools and several higher educational institutions.

The main universities of the region:

• Tula State University
• Tula State Pedagogical University
• Tula Artillery Engineering Institute (until October 1, 2010)
• Novomoskovsk Institute of Russian Chemical Technology University
• Tula Branch of Moscow Institute of Integrated Security
• Tula Branch of Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Tula Branch of the All-Russian Correspondence Financial and Economic Institute
• Tula Institute of Economics and Informatics
• Tula branch of the Russian Law Academy of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation
• Novomoskovsk branch of the University of the Russian Academy of Education

Religion

Most of the believers in the Tula region are Orthodox Christians . A significant part of religious organizations belongs to the Tula and Belev dioceses of the Russian Orthodox Church . Among the monasteries, one can single out the Epiphany Monastery , the Venev-Nikolsky Monastery and the Mother of God Shcheglovsky Monastery . In the Tula region there is also a Catholic organization, with the only temple in Tula , and a Muslim community.

Of the Protestant directions of Christianity, the Seventh-day Adventist Church operates; there is an educational institution - Zaoksky Adventist University .

Media

• “ Sloboda ” is a multimedia mass media based on the principles of popular journalism
• The daily political newspaper " Tula Izvestia "
• Newspaper " Young Communard "
• GTRK Tula

See also: Television in Tula , Radio stations of Tula , Newspapers of Tula