The Macuan languages , the Nadhupu languages [1] , or the Macu languages (not to be confused with the isolated Macu language ) are a small family of Native American languages, widespread in Brazil , Colombia and Venezuela . The name Makú - derogatory, in the language of lingua-zheral ( Tupi family ) means "slave, low man."
| Macuan languages | |
|---|---|
| Taxon | family |
| Area | Amazonia , Upper and Middle Riu Negru River |
| Classification | |
| Category | Native American Languages South America |
| |
| Composition | |
| Language group codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-5 | - |
Content
Composition
- Dove (kama)
- Nadeb (also known as nado, hirivai, hahob, guariba, variva, cabori + Kuyavi dialect)
- Hoop (also known as hupde, ubde, hupda, juhup (de), yahup)
- No way (also known as nukak + dialect of kakua or bar)
| gloss | Nadeb | Hoop | Dove | No way |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| father | ʔɨb | ʔip | ʔiːp | ʔiːp ( kakua ʔip ) |
| egg | tɨb | tip | tɨp | tip ( cocoa ) |
| water | mi | mĩh | mĩʔ | mah ( kakua ) |
| tooth | təɡᵑ (kuyavi) | təɡᵑ | təɡ | - |
| house | - | mõj | mɔ͂j | mɨ͂ |
The language of the Nadeb, apparently, is farthest from the other languages of the group. There is also no agreement about the place of the language in any way . Martins (1999) offers two classifications that require further research:
- Martins hypothesis A
| Nadahup family |
| |||||||||||||||
- Martins hypothesis B
| Nadehup |
| |||||||||||||||
Typology
The Dov and Hup languages (yes) lost their prefixes, but acquired suffixes due to the grammaticalization of verb roots. The vast majority of the roots in these languages are monosyllabic, which can be seen in the example of the reduction of Portuguese borrowing dinheiru (money), which in the daw language has turned into yẽl ' . In the languages of Nadeb, and in no way the roots are complex. In the language no more than one prefix per word is allowed, and in the nadeb language there is a rich prefix and polysynthetic system - up to 9 prefixes per word (which is extremely unusual for Amazonian languages), the incorporation of nouns, prepositions and adverbs.
Genetic Relationships
The relatedness of languages to Mac was established by Koch-Grünberg (1906), P. Rive and Tasteven (1920), as well as K. Nimuendazh (1950–55). ( P. Rivet (1920), T. Kaufman (Kaufman, 1994), and H. Pozzobon (Pozzobon, 1997) included the Poinave language in the family. According to modern researchers S. Martins and W. Martins, the hypothesis of kinship between the Poinave and Macuan languages not proven. [2]
Henley, Mattéi-Müller and Reid (1996) suggested including Hodi (Hoti, Juvana) into the family.
The Puinavian languages are often included in the hypothetical macro-Puinava macrofamily along with the Katukin languages, the languages of Arutani-sapa and the Maku language. In turn, Greenberg included the Macro-Punean languages in his Macro-Toucan macro-family (this hypothesis is currently rejected), and Swades proposed the macro-Maca macro-family.
Notes
- ↑ Epps. P. A Grammar of Hup. Mouton de Gruyter. 1973. ISBN 978-3-11-019-558-0 .
- ↑ Martins, Silvana, Martins, Valteir. Maku. In RMW Dixon, AY Aikhenvald (Ed.), The Amazonian languages (pp. 251-267). Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 0-521-57893-0 .
Links
- Ethnologue:
- Proel: Familia Puinave-Maku
Literature
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1 .
- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X . (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com ).
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Henley, Paul; Marie-Claude Mattéi-Müller y Howard Reid (1996): “Cultural and linguistic affinities of the foraging people of North Amazonia: a new perspective”; Antropológica 83: 3-37. Caracas.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In DL Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13-67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3 .
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1992) Guta.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & RE Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world languages (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.
- Pozzobon, Jorge (1997). Langue, société et numération chez les Indiens Makú (Haut Rio Negro, Brésil). Jounal de la Société de Américanistes de París 83: 159-172. París.
- Rivet, Paul y Constant Tastevin 1920: “Affinités du Makú et du Puinave”; Journal de la Société des Américanistes de París , ns t XII: 69-82. París.
- Rivet, Paul; PP Kok y C. Tastevin 1925: "Nouvele contributión a l'étude de la langue Makú; International Journal of American Linguistics , vol. 3, n. 24, pp 129-132. New York.