Bagritsky, Eduard Georgievich

Eduard Bagritsky was born in Odessa in a Jewish family. His father, Godel Moshkovich (Moiseevich) Dziuban (Dziubin, 1858-1919) ^[4] , served as a clerk in the store of a finished dress; ^{[5] [6]} Mother, Ita Abramovna (Osipovna) Dzyubina (nee Shapiro, 1871-1939), was a housewife. ^[7] In 1905-1910 he studied at the Odessa St. Paul's School, in 1910-1912 - at the Odessa Real School of Zhukovsky on Kherson Street (participated as a designer in the publication of the manuscript journal "Days of Our Lives"), in 1913-1915 years - in a land surveying school. In 1914, he worked as an editor in the Odessa branch of the Petrograd Telegraph Agency (PTA) .

The first verses were published in 1913 and 1914 in the almanac "Chords" (No. 1-2, under the pseudonym "Edward D.") ^[8] . Since 1915, under the pseudonym "Eduard Bagritsky", " Desi " and the female mask " Nina Voskresenskaya " began to publish in Odessa literary almanacs "Cars in the Clouds" (1915), "Silver Pipes" (1915), in the collective collection "Miracle in the Desert" "(1917), in the newspaper Southern Thought, neo-romantic verses marked by imitation of N. Gumilev , R. L. Stevenson , V. Mayakovsky . Soon he became one of the most prominent figures in the group of young Odessa writers who later became major Soviet writers ( Yuri Olesha , Ilya Ilf , Valentin Kataev , Lev Slavin , Semyon Kirsanov , Vera Inber ). Bagritsky liked to recite his own poems to the youth audience:

His arms with tense biceps were bent, like a wrestler’s hair, parted and parted, and his hair fell on his low forehead, Baudelaire eyes looked grimly from under his eyebrows, ominously crooked mouth at the word “laughing” revealed the absence of front tooth. He looked like a strong man, an athlete. Even a small scar on his muscularly tense cheek - a trace of a child cut by a splinter of window glass - was perceived as a healed wound from a pirate sword. Subsequently, I found out that since childhood he suffers from bronchial asthma and his whole, as it were, gladiatorial appearance is nothing less than an effortless pose.

- V. Kataev . " My diamond crown ."

In the spring and summer of 1917 he worked in the police. Since October 1917, he served as the clerk of the 25th medical and nutritional detachment of the All-Russian Union for Assisting the Sick and Wounded participated in the Persian expedition of General Baratov ; returned to Odessa in early February 1918. In April 1919 , during the Civil War , he volunteered to join the Red Army , served in the Special Partisan Detachment of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee , after its reorganization - as an instructor of the political department in the Separate Rifle Brigade, wrote propaganda verses. In June 1919 he returned to Odessa, where, together with Valentin Kataev and Yuriy Olesha, he worked at the Bureau of Ukrainian Press (BUP). Since May 1920, as a poet and artist, he worked in YugROSTA (Southern Bureau of the Ukrainian branch of the Russian Telegraph Agency ), together with Yu. Olesha, V. Narbut , S. Bondarin , V. Kataev; was the author of many posters, leaflets and signatures to them (in total about 420 graphic works of the poet from 1911 to 1934 were preserved). He was published in Odessa newspapers and humorous magazines under the pseudonyms “Someone Vasya”, “Nina Voskresenskaya”, “Rabkor Gortsev”.

In August 1923, on the initiative of his friend Ya. M. Belsky, he arrived in Nikolaev , worked as a secretary of the editorial board of the newspaper Krasny Nikolaev (nowadays ), and published poems in this newspaper. He performed at poetry evenings organized by the editors. In October of that year he returned to Odessa ^[9] .

In 1925, Bagritsky, on the initiative of Valentin Kataev, moved to Moscow , where he became a member of the literary group " Pass ", a year later he joined the constructivists . He lived in Kuntsevo , on Pionerskaya (former Monastyrskaya) Street - now Bagritsky Street . In 1928 he published a collection of poems "Southwest". The second collection, “Winners,” appeared in 1932 . In 1930, the poet joined the RAAP . Since 1931 he lived in Moscow in the famous "House of Writing Cooperative" ( Kamergersky Lane , 2).

Since the beginning of 1930, Bagritsky had exacerbated bronchial asthma - a disease that he suffered from childhood. He died on February 16, 1934 in Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery .

Family

• Wife (since December 1920) - Lidia Gustavovna Suok , was repressed in 1937 (returned from prison in 1956 ).
  • Son - poet Vsevolod Bagritsky , died at the front in 1942 .

Bagritsky’s romantic vivid poems are still heard in the songs. His books are reprinted. The poet’s work is controversial at the beginning of the 21st century.

Bagritsky’s poem “The Duma of Opanas” shows the tragic confrontation of the Ukrainian village boy Opanas, who dreams of a quiet peasant life in his free Ukraine, and the Jewish commissar Joseph Kogan, who upholds the “highest” truth of the world revolution.

In July 1949, during ideological campaigns (to “ fight against cosmopolitanism ” and others), the poem was criticized in the Ukrainian Literary Newspaper for “bourgeois-nationalist tendencies.” “Trends,” according to the authors of the editorial, were manifested in a “distortion of historical truth” and erroneous generalizations in portraying the role of the Ukrainian people, shown exclusively in the image of Opanas, a deserter and a bandit, unable to fight for his bright future. It should be noted that the article of the Ukrainian Literary Newspaper , first of all, was directed against literary critics V. Azadov, S. Golovanivsky, L. Pervomaisky, and not E. Bagritsky who had died by then. A free translation of the article was published in the Literary Newspaper of July 30, 1949 .

A brilliant master, gifted with rare sensual sensibility, Bagritsky accepted the revolution, his romantic poetry praised the construction of a new world. At the same time, Bagritsky painfully tried to understand for himself the cruelty of revolutionary ideology and the advent of totalitarianism . In the poem “ TVS ” written in 1929, the deceased Felix Dzerzhinsky , who appeared to the sick and desperate author, tells him about the coming century: “But if he says:“ Lie ”- lie. But if he says, “Kill,” then kill. ” M. Kuzmin wrote about this poem as something “vague and latent”, which testifies to the veiled meaning of this poem as a protest against the Stalin punitive regime that was developing at that time ^[10] . About his generation, he did not write “in Komsomol” at all: “We are rusty leaves on rusty oaks.”

A lot of controversy still raises the February poem published by the poet after Bagritsky’s death. This is a kind of confession of a Jewish youth, a participant in the revolution. Anti - Semitic publicists have repeatedly written that the hero of February, who rapes a prostitute - her gymnasium love, commits, in her person, violence against all of Russia as revenge for the shame of "homeless ancestors." But the usually quoted version of the poem is only about a third of it. This is a poem about a Jewish high school student who became a man during the First World War and Revolution. At the same time, the “red-haired” beauty, who turned out to be a prostitute, looks suspiciously not in Russian, and the gang that the hero of “February” arrests, at least two-thirds, consists of Jews: “Semka Rabinovich, Petka Kambala and Monya Brilliantetschik”.

Bagritsky’s freedom of love was most clearly expressed in a cycle of poems written throughout his life devoted to Til Uhlenshpigel , the so-called “Flemish cycle”. His friend, the writer Isaac Babel , wrote about him as a “Flemish”, and even a “carnivore of the Flemings,” and also that in the bright future everyone would “consist of Odessa citizens, smart, loyal and funny, like Bagritsky.”

Bagritsky’s work influenced a galaxy of poets. “I loved Bagritsky terribly young,” admitted Joseph Brodsky , who included him in the list of closest poets ^{[11] [12]} . In honor of Bagritsky named one of the Moscow streets .

The most famous works

• 1918 , 1926 - The Birds
• 1918, 1922 , 1926 - Til Uhlenspiegel
• 1926 - The Duma of Opanas
• 1927 - The Smugglers . Put to music by Leonid Utesov , Viktor Berkovsky and other bards.
• 1927 - “From brown bread and a faithful wife” (poem)
• 1929 - TVS
• 1932 - The Death of the Pioneer
• 1932 - The Last Night

• Southwest. M.-L., ZiF, MSMXXVIII, shooting gallery. 3000 copies 2nd ed. - 1930.
• Winners. M.-L., GIHL, 1932. shooting gallery. 6000 copies
• The last night. M., "Federation", 1932, shooting gallery. 5200 copies
• Selected Poems. M., "Federation", 1932, shooting gallery. 5000 copies
• Sobr. Op. in 2 volumes, vol. 1, ed. I. Utkina. [Entry. Art. Yu. Sevruk], M., 1938., shooting gallery. 15,000 copies
• Favorites. M .. "Owls. writer ", 1948.
• Poems, [Entry. Art. and preparation. text Sun Azarov, engraving. E. Burgunker], M.-L., GIHL, 1956.
• Poems. “Owls. writer ”, 1956. (Library of the poet. Small series.)
• Poems and poems. [Entry. Art. I. Greenberg], M., 1958;
• Poems and poems, [Entry. Art. E. P. Lyubareva], M.-L., 1964 (Library of the poet. Large series).
• Poems and poems. [Entry. article by I. Volgin], M., “Pravda”, 1984, shooting gallery. 200,000.
• Bagritsky E. Favorites. M., 1987.
• Bagritsky. Poems and poems. Comp. Gleb Morev. [Entry. Art. M. D. Schraera]. The new library of the poet: Small series. SPb., 2000.

• The recording of A. Blok’s poem “The Steps of the Commander” performed by Eduard Bagritsky sounds in Oleg Teptsov ’s film “ Mr. Designer .”
• In the film “Wild Dog of the Dingo” (1962), the main character reads “The Death of a Pioneer” at the New Year’s school performance, instead of the declared fable “Table and Chair”
• In the television series " Murka " (2016), the actor Vakhtangov Alexander Gorbatov starred in the role of Eduard Bagritsky.

• Bespalov I. Poetry of Eduard Bagritsky. - In the book: I. Bespalov. Articles on literature. M., 1959
• Lezhnev A. Eduard Bagritsky. - In the book: Lezhnev A. Articles about literature. M., 1987
• Adamovich G. Eduard Bagritsky and Soviet poetry. - In the book: Adamovich G. From that shore. M., 1996
• Eduard Bagritsky. Almanac, ed. V. Narbut, M., 1936;
• Eduard Bagritsky. Memoirs of contemporaries. M., 1973;
• Greenberg I.I., Eduard Bagritsky, L., 1940;
• Antokolsky P., Eduard Bagritsky, in the book Poets and Time. Articles, M., 1957;
• Bondarin S., Eduard Bagritsky, “New World”, 1961, No 4;
• Lyubareva E.P., Eduard Bagritsky. Life and work, M., 1964;
• Rozhdestvenskaya I.S., Poetry of Eduard Bagritsky, L., 1967.
• Shrayer, Maxim D. Russian Poet / Soviet Jew: The Legacy of Eduard Bagritskii. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
• Schraer, M.D. Legend and the fate of Eduard Bagritsky. Per. from English A.E. Barzakh. - In the book: Eduard Bagritsky. Poems and poems. Comp. Gleb Morev. The new library of the poet: Small series. St. Petersburg, 2000, pp. 237–274.
• P. Barenboim, B. Meshcheryakov, Flanders in Moscow and Odessa: Poet Eduard Bagritskii as the Till Ulenshpiegel of Russian Literature ISBN 978-5-98856-115-6 .
• Cossack V. Lexicon of Russian literature of the XX century = Lexikon der russischen Literatur ab 1917 / [trans. with him.]. - M .: RIC "Culture", 1996. - XVIII, 491, [1] p. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-8334-0019-8 .
• Nikonov V.A. Eduard Bagritsky. - Ulyanovsk: Strezhen, Department of the All-Union. Unite Work.- Cr. Pis. “Pass”, 1928. - 31 p. - 150 copies.
• Taganrog in the literature / Comp. I.M. Bondarenko . - Taganrog: Lukomorye, 2007 .-- 369 p. - ISBN 978-5-902450-11-5
• Voronin L. Eduard Bagritsky. - Moscow: Young Guard, 2018. - 285, [2] p., [16] p. silt - (The life of wonderful people ; vol. 1923 (1723)). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-235-04097-7

• Eduard Bagritsky. Poems and poems
• Bagritsky Eduard verses in the Anthology of Russian poetry
• Eduard Bagritsky reads “Song of the Four Winds” - an excerpt from the libretto of the unwritten opera “The Duma of Opanas”, mp3
• Collection of Russian poetry "Lirikon" - Bagritsky E. G.
• Corsair and the Void (The Music of the Revolution in the Fate of Eduard Bagritsky)
• V. Shokhina. Angel of death in a leather jacket
• Sergey Stratanovsky. Returning to Bagritsky
• N. Petrova. February and October in the poetry of Eduard Bagritsky
• Leonid Katsis. "Eduard Bagritsky"
• Freddy Ben Nathan: Descendant Not Recognized by Ancestors
• P. Barenboim - Til Uhlenshpiegel from the time of Stalinism (Vremya Novostei, February 16, 2009)
• Peter Barenboim. Mystery of Flanders and Utopia Brugge. M., 2017. ISBN 978-5-906072-23-8
• P. Barenboim, B. Meshcheryakov, Flanders in Moscow and Odessa: Poet Eduard Bagritskii as the Till Ulenspiegel of Russian Literature (HTML version)