Triratna ( Sanskrit. Tri , triratna IAST , " three jewels "; Pali : Tiratana; Chinese; 三宝 , Sanbao ; Japanese. 三宝 , Sampo ; Mong. Gurvan erdene ) - in Buddhism - three jewels of Buddhist doctrine: [1]
- Buddha
- Dharma (law, teaching)
- Sangha (monastic community)
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Triratna is a peculiar symbol of Buddhist faith . The perception of the Buddha as a teacher and conductor, his dharma as a law, and the sangha as a community of like-minded people, is an indispensable attribute of the Buddhist worldview:
- There is a Buddha - a completely Enlightened, omniscient being who has reached spiritual heights naturally through the development of the mind and heart in a long sequence of births ( sansara ). The main peaks of these are Enlightenment ( bodhi ) and Tranquility ( nirvana ), which signify the final Liberation ( moksha ) and the achievement of the highest goal of spiritual aspirations in Indian and other Eastern cultures, which is not available to either gods or saints of other religions.
- There is Dharma - the Law open to the Enlightened One. This Law is the semantic core of the Universe, in accordance with it all processes outside and within human destinies take place, with its help one can understand the laws of life and society, interconnection and interdependence of everything. The law this Buddha comprehended and informed the disciples in the form of the Word, the Text of the sutras . The texts of the Buddha's Law for several centuries passed orally. In the 1st c. BC er They were first recorded on Pali . These writings constituted the canon of the Theravadin school (elders) and were called "Three baskets" (Sanskrit. Tripitaka , Pali - Tipitaka ): "A basket of texts on monastic discipline and moral education" ( Vinaya-pitaka ), "A basket of texts [Words of the Buddha]" ( Sutra-pitaka , on Pali - Sutta-pitaka ) and "Basket of texts of the highest Law" ( Abhidharma-pitaka , on Pali - Abhidkhamma-pitaka). It was in the baskets, wicker boxes, kept palm leaves of records of texts, distributed by department. These names of the collection The words of the Buddha have been preserved to this day, although in other schools the canons are meaningfully different.
- There is the Sangha - a community of equal, having no property, begging (bhikkhu, Pali - bhikkhu), a community of carriers of the Law, keepers of knowledge and skill, who from generation to generation follow the path of the Buddha.
Content
Triratna in Zen
The “true refuge” in the Zen Buddhist school is considered identical to the Buddha nature , therefore, according to the teachings, it should be sought not in the outside world, but in the depths of the “I” [2] , as indicated by the sixth patriarch of Zen Huinen [3] :
You are told: “Seek refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, Sangha.” And I tell you: "Look for a refuge in yourself." Buddha is inside you, for Buddha means the awakened one, and the awakening can only occur from within. Dharma is within you, for Dharma means righteousness, and you can find righteousness only in yourself. And the Sangha is within you, for the Sangha is purity, and you can only find purity in yourself.
The second Zen patriarch Huike answered the question of the future third patriarch Sentsan about what Dharma and Buddha are, as follows: “Buddha is mind itself. The mind itself is Dharma. Buddha is identical with Dharma, identical with Sangha ” [4] .
One of the dialogues between the monk and mentor Yan-Yang describes the three jewels as follows [5] :
- What is Buddha?
- A piece of clay.
- What is Dharma?
- The earth is moving.
- What is the Sangha?
- The one who eats liquid porridge and rice.
Symbols
Traditionally, the triratna is depicted as a threefold symbol: the trident of trishula framed by a diamond branch ( vajra ) located on top of a chakra flower with a lotus flower. Another version of this symbol - three multi-colored transparent spheres, often in the form of three circles - was used by N. Roerich in the design of the Banner of the World .
The footprint of the Buddha with triratna and the wheel of dharma . Gandhara , I century. Zenjumitsu Temple, Tokyo .
Triratna at the gate of Tonan in Sanchi. I century BC. er
Symbol of the Three Jewels from Amaravati , 2nd century n. er (?), British Museum
Notes
- ↑ Zhukovsky, Koptseva, 2005 , p. 49.
- ↑ Dumoulin, 2003 , p. 280.
- ↑ Pakhomov, 2004 , p. 34
- ↑ Nukaria, 2003 , p. 27.
- ↑ Suzuki, 2005 , p. 371.
Literature
- Zen Anthology / ed. S.V. Pakhomova . - SPb. : Science , 2004. - 403 p. - ISBN 5-02-026863-1 .
- Dumulen G. History of Zen Buddhism. - M . : Centrpoligraf , 2003. - 317 p. - ISBN 5-9524-0208-9 .
- Zhukovsky V.I. , Koptseva N.P. Art of the East. India: Training. allowance. - Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk. state Univ. , 2005. - 402 p. - ISBN 5-7638-0575-5 .
- Nukaria K. Religion samurai. Study of Zen-Buddhist philosophy and practice in China and Japan / Trans. from English O. B. Makarova, ed. S.V. Pakhomova. - SPb. : Science, 2003. - 248 p. - ISBN 5-02-026857-7 .
- Suzuki D.T. Essays on Zen Buddhism. Part Three / Ed. S.V. Pakhomova. - SPb. : Science , 2005. - 432 p. - ISBN 5-02-026880-1 .