Tudor Vladimirskiy [1] ( Tudor Vladimirescu, Tudor din Vladimiri / Tudor from Vladimiri /, Domnul Tudor / Voivode Tudor / ; 1780 , Vladimiri (now: Gorge County, Romania ) - June 8 1821 , Targovishte ) - a native of the peasants, led a fairly successful trade, and even occupied one of the lower administrative positions - managed a small district [2] ; during the Russo-Turkish war of 1806–1812 - pandurov volunteer corps commander, lieutenant of the Russian army ; later - the leader of the Valash uprising of 1821 .
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Origins and Education
Born in the village of Vladimir County Gorj , in the family of moshnenov . Parents Constantine and John. The family had three children — there was also a brother, the Pope, and a sister of Constantine.
Tudor's priest Pyrvu Chukha taught to read and write. Later, Tudor continued his studies in Craiova with the support of the official ( boyar ) Ionita (Ivan) Glogovian. (There is information that Tudor grew up in the house of Glogovian, together with his son and was preparing Glogovyan as a future commercial agent and manager of the estate). Thus, Vladimirescu received a good education and was subsequently engaged in commerce. Was an agent for the sale of real estate in the field of business and trade, in particular, the export of livestock.
In 1806 he was appointed to one of the lowest administrative posts [2] - was vataf or ruler of the mountainous region of Kloshany position that he will hold until 1820.
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1806–1812 , a corps of Romanian pandurov volunteers acted in the forces of the emperor Konstantin Ypsilanti , who were part of the Russian army. In the course of the hostilities, Vladimirrescu soon moved from among the pandurs. He showed himself to be a brave warrior, was awarded for military merits by the Russian Order of St.. Vladimir [3] third degree with swords.
Some authors associate the surname Vladimirescu with the fact of this award [4] , however this statement raises serious doubts, since in the Romanian village of Vladimiri, where Tudor was born, there could well be such a surname. One of the Romanian naming of Vladimirescu directly indicates this: Tudor din Vladimiri literally means “Tudor from Vladimiri” .
Vladimirescu was also granted the rank of lieutenant and entrusted with the command of the said corps of pandurs. [3]
After the war
When the war ended, the volunteer ramps were harassed by the Turks. However, Vladimirescu achieved immunity in Wallachia and the Ottoman Empire .
On June 14 − December 26, 1814, he traveled to Vienna to liquidate the inheritance of his wife Nikolay Glogovian (son of Ionita Glogovian), who died in Vienna, as well as to take the young woman out of the country. At that time, from September 1814, the Vienna Peace Congress (1814-1815) was held there , aimed at restoring the feudal absolutist monarchies destroyed by the French revolution of 1789 and the Napoleonic wars , and defining the new frontiers of Europe.
Following the course of the congress, Vladimiressu met in Vienna with the ideas of the French Revolution , and there he also had his first meeting with representatives of the newly created secret society of Greek patriots Filiki Etherius ( heterists ), whose main goal was the creation of an independent Greek state. To this end, the heterists intended to prepare the Greek revolution against the Ottoman Empire, and from the very beginning they tried to turn the anti-Ottoman revolution into an uprising of all Balkan Christians.
On the instructions of Filiki Eteriya Olimpios Georgakis , who also served in the Russian army as Vladimirrescu and knew him personally, managed to win him over to his side [5] . Vladimir was initiated into society and accepted the offer to lead the uprising.
Wallachian Uprising 1821
Vladimirescu considered the heterist uprising as a general uprising of all the oppressed Balkan nationalities, and not only the Greeks, in which the Wallachian uprising had to be included. He sought to direct the uprising not only against the Turks, but also against other oppressors, in particular, against the Greek fanariotes .
In 1821, Vladimirescu prepared and led the Valashsky uprising in the Danube principalities , during which he captured Bucharest and even became for several months, from March to May 1821, the ruler of Wallachia.
However, as a result of diverging views on the uprising and certain disagreements during the uprising with the Greek heteries allies, led by Alexander Ypsilanti , Vladimires was accused of collaborating with the Turks and betraying, captured, delivered to the headquarters of the Ypersilanti camp in Targoviste and brought to trial by the tribunal [ 6] [7] .
The heterist tribunal in Targovishti sentenced Vladimires to death, but Karavias and adjutant Ypsilanti Pole Garnovsky executed the sentence in such a way that it became a villainous murder [8] [9] . And although the fact that Vladimirrescu was preparing a strike against the heterists (and fanariots) was not disputed by their opponents [10] , the hasty trial and murder of Vladimirrescu practically deprived the heterists of the support of the local population during hostilities on foreign territory.
Perpetuating the memory of Tudor Vladimirescu
| The traitorous murder of the leader of the national-peasant uprising against the oppressors of Wallachia left a deep imprint on the memory of the people. Orphaned pandurs immediately after the death of Tudor Vladimirescu composed a song that, in allegorical expressions, spoke of the tragic fate of their hero. This song, picked up by the people, enjoyed extraordinary popularity not only in Wallachia, but also in Moldova , from where it in a somewhat modified form was transferred to Bessarabia . There, sounded on the streets of Chisinau and in the houses of the boyars performed by the choirs of the gypsy orchestras, she immediately attracted the attention of Pushkin. The evidence of this is preserved in the Bessarabian memoirs by I. P. Liprandi . Complementing P. I. Bartenev ’s information about folk songs that occupied Pushkin in Chisinau, Liprandi wrote: “... I’m surprised that I didn’t meet two modern historical songs composed by people, which, as I know very well, occupied by Alexander Sergeyevich. The first, from Wallachia, reached Chisinau in August 1821; the second - at the end of the same year. " |
This song was recorded by A.S. Pushkin in Chisinau.
- In 1943, a division formed in the USSR from former Romanian prisoners of war who had expressed a desire to fight with Germany and the Antonescu regime was named after Tudor Vladimirescu. After the Second World War, this division formed the backbone of the new armed forces in Romania.
- In 1956, the Romanian composer Gheorghe Dumitrescu wrote the oratorio “Tudor Vladimirescu”.
- Since 1966, in the Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR), the Order of Tudor Vladimirescu of five degrees was established, which was awarded for outstanding contribution to the establishment and protection of the social and state system.
- Also in 1966, the National Bank of the SRR issued banknotes with a portrait of Tudor Vladimirescu.
- On February 28, 1986, in the presence of the Romanian ambassador and military attache, the 8th Engineer Battalion of the National People's Army of the GDR was named after the Romanian national hero Tudor Vladimiresk.
Links
- ↑ Vladimirrescu Tudor // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- ↑ 1 2 New history of European and American countries: First period: (Textbook for universities in the specialty “History” / G.L. Arsh, V.S. Bondarchuk, L.I. Golman, etc.); Ed. A.V. Ado. - M .: High School, 1986. - 622 p. : or; Pp. 284–287. - Ch. 11. The countries of Europe and America in 1815-1847. § 2.Bourgeois revolutions and national liberation movements in the 20s of the XIX century in Europe §§. Popular uprising in Wallachia 1821
- ↑ 1 2 3 Dvoichenko-Markova E.M. Pushkin and the Romanian folk song about Tudore Vladimirescu // Pushkin: Research and Materials / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Inst. Rus. lit. (Pushkin. House). - M. L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - T. 3. - p. 402−417.
- ↑ Δημήτριος Φωτιάδης . Η απανάσταση του 21. - ΜΕΛΙΣΣΑ, 1971. - T. A. - P. 374.
- ↑ History of Romania / Edited by M. Roller. - M. , 1950. - p. 251−252.
- ↑ Φιλήμων, έ.ά., 1859−1861 , τ.Β., σ.160.
- ↑ Φωτεινός, έ.ά, σ.104−105.
- ↑ Φωτεινός, έ.ά, σ.106.
- ↑ Φιλήμων, έ.ά., 1859−1861 , τ.Β., σ.167.
- G FGL, Nouvelles' observations, oblase, suivies d 'un Precis Historique des envesments qui se sont passesdanscette province en 1821, losde la revolte de Theodore et de l' invasion du princeIpsilanti, par un temoin oculaire, Paris Mai 1822, p.93 .
Literature
- Ιωάννης Φιλήμωνν . Δοκίμιον στορικόν περί της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως. - 1859−1861.