Ocean Gutter Chart
Subduction mechanism
The deepwater trough , or oceanic trough , is a deep and long depression at the bottom of the ocean (5000–7000 m and more). It is formed as a result of subduction, that is, forcing the oceanic crust under another oceanic or continental crust ( plate convergence). For this reason, gutter areas are often the epicenter of earthquakes , and the bottom is the base of many volcanoes .
Ocean troughs exist in all oceans , the deepest in the Pacific , where the deepest point of the earth in the Mariana Trench is located . According to various sources, its depth is 10911 m, [1] , 10920 m [2] , 11022 m [3] or close values. The Peruvian-Chilean Trench is the longest in the world (≈5900 km).
Content
List of World Ocean
In the oceans, there are a large number of gutters [4] :
| Title | Location | Maximum depth |
|---|---|---|
| Pacific Ocean | ||
| Aleut | 7822 | |
| Bougainville [5] | 9103 | |
| Weber (Banda) | 7440 | |
| Vityaz [6] | 6150 | |
| Volcano | 9157 | |
| West Melanesian | 7030 | |
| Izu Boninsky | 9810 | |
| Kermadek | 10047 | |
| Kuril-Kamchatsky | 9717 | |
| Lyra | 6881 | |
| Macquarie | 6727 | |
| Mariansky | 11022 | |
| Mussau | 7208 | |
| Novobritan | 8320 | |
| New Hebrides | 7633 | |
| Palau | 8138 | |
| Peruvian-Chilean | 8180 | |
| Ryukyu (Nansey) | 7790 | |
| San Cristobal | 8332 | |
| Northern Novogbridsky | 9174 | |
| Tonga | 10882 | |
| Philippine | 10265 | |
| Central American | 6489 | |
| Yap | 8850 | |
| Japanese | 8412 | |
| Atlantic Ocean | ||
| Cayman (Barlett) | 7090 | |
| Puerto rico | 8742 | |
| South Sandwich | 8325 | |
| Indian Ocean | ||
| Andaman | 4507 | |
| East Indian | 6335 | |
| Sunda | 7209 | |
| Romangs | 7856 | |
| Timor | 3310 |
See also
- Mid-Ocean Ridge
- Pacific Ring of Fire
Notes
- ↑ Results of “Kaiko” 's Final Field Test Archived copy of February 6, 2009 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Deep-Sea Trench // Iron Tree - Radiation. - M .: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2008. - P. 19. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 t.] / Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, vol. 10). - ISBN 978-5-85270-341-5 .
- ↑ Deep-ocean gutters - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- ↑ Rowley, David B. Rate to plate creation and destruction: 180 Ma to present (Eng.) // Geological Society of America Bulletin : journal. - 2002. - Vol. 114 , no. 8 - P. 927-933 . - DOI : 10.1130 / 0016-7606 (2002) 114 <0927: ROPCAD> 2.0.CO; 2 . - .
- ↑ Bougainvillea Chute - "Encyclopedia" . Great Russian Encyclopedia. The appeal date is November 25, 2018.
- Вит "Vityaz" chute - "Encyclopedia" . Great Russian Encyclopedia. The appeal date is November 25, 2018.
Literature
- Belyaev G. M. Deep ocean troughs and their fauna . - M. , 1989.
- Bottom fauna of deep-sea troughs of the World Ocean . - L. , 1977.
- Deep ocean gutters - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- Christensen, UR The Influence of Trench Migration for Slab Penetration into the Lower Mantle. (Eng.) // Earth and Planetary Science Letters : journal. - 1996. - Vol. 140 . - P. 27—39 . - DOI : 10.1016 / 0012-821x (96) 00023-4 . - .
- Nakakuki, T; Mura, E. Dynamics of Slab Rollback and Induced Back-Arc Basin Formation (eng.) // Earth and Planetary Science Letters : journal. - 2013. - Vol. 361 , no. B11 . - P. 287-297 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.epsl.2012.10.031 . - .
- Schellart, WP; Lister, GS Orogenic Curvature: Paleomagnetic and Structural Analyzes (Neopr.) // Geological Society of America. - 2004. - p . 237-254 .
- Schellart, WP; Lister, GS; Toy, VG : journal. - 2006. - Vol. 76 , no. 3-4 . - P. 191-233 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.earscirev.2006.01.002 . - .
- Schellart, WP; Moresi, L.A. : journal. - 2013. - Vol. 118 , no. 6 - P. 3221—3248 . - DOI : 10.1002 / jgrb.50173 . - .
- Hall, R; Spakman, W. Subducted Slabs Beneath the Eastern Indonesia – Tonga Region: Insights from Tomography (Eng.) // Earth and Planetary Science Letters : journal. - 2002. - Vol. 201 , no. 2 - P. 321-336 . - DOI : 10.1016 / s0012-821x (02) 00705-7 . - .
- Flower, MFJ; Dilek, Y. Arc – trench Rollback and Forearc Accretion: 1. A Collision – Induced Mantle Flow Model for Tethyan Ophiolites (eng.) // Pub. Geol. Soc. Lond. : journal. - 2003. - Vol. 218 . - P. 21—41 . - DOI : 10.1144 / gsl.sp.2003.218.01.03 . - .
- Stern, RJ Subduction Zones (Eng.) // Reviews of Geophysics : journal. - 2002. - Vol. 40 , no. 4 - P. 1012-1049 . - DOI : 10.1029 / 2001RG000108 . - .
- AB Watts, 2001. Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere . Cambridge University Press. 458p.
- Wright, DJ; Bloomer, SH; MacLeod, CJ; Taylor, B .; Goodlife, AM Bathymetry of the Tonga Trench and Forearc: a map series (Eng.) // Marine Geophysical Researches: journal. - 2000. - Vol. 21 , no. 489-511 . - P. 2000 .
- Sibuet, M .; Olu, K. Biogeography, biodiversity and cold-seep communities at active and passive margins (Eng.) // Deep-Sea Research: journal. - 1998. - Vol. II , no. 45 . - p . 517-567 . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0967-0645 (97) 00074-X . - .
- Smith, WHF; Sandwell, DT Global altitude and ship depth soundings (Eng.) // Science: journal. - 1997. - Vol. 277 , no. 5334 . - P. 1956-1962 . - DOI : 10.1126 / science.277.5334.1956 .
- "Deep-sea trench". McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology , 8th edition, 1997.
- Scholl, DW; Scholl, D. It was indicated by the material subducted at convergent margins (English) // Tectonophysics: journal. - 1993. - Vol. 219 . - P. 163-175 . - DOI : 10.1016 / 0040-1951 (93) 90294-T . - .
- JW Ladd, TL Holcombe, GK Westbrook, NT Edgar, 1990. "Caribbean Marine Geology: Active margins of the plate boundary", in Dengo, G., and Case, J. (eds.) The Geology of North America, Vol. H, The Caribbean Region , Geological Society of America, p. 261–290.
- WB Hamilton 1988. "Plate tectonics and island arcs". Geological Society of America Bulletin : Vol. 100, No. 10, pp. 1503–1527.
- Jarrard, RD Relations among subduction parameters (Eng.) // Reviews of Geophysics : journal. - 1986. - Vol. 24 , no. 2 - P. 217-284 . - DOI : 10.1029 / RG024i002p00217 . - .
Links
- Hawkins, JW; Bloomer, SH; Evans, CA; Melchior, JT Evolution of Intra-Oceanic Arc-Trench Systems (Neopr.) // Tectonophysics. - 1984. - T. 102 . - p . 175-205 . - DOI : 10.1016 / 0040-1951 (84) 90013-1 . - .
- RL Fisher and HH Hess, 1963. "Trenches" in MN Hill (ed.) The Sea v. 3 The Earth Beneath the Sea . New York: Wiley Interscience, p. 411–436.