Yenisei Kyrgyz ( Chinese 黠戛斯 , Pinyin : xiájiásī , pall .: Syatszyasy ) - a historiography designation for the ancient and medieval Turkic-speaking population of the Yenisei basin.
| Yenisei Kyrgyz | |
|---|---|
| Abundance and area | |
| Southern Siberia , Altai , Mongolia (number unknown) | |
| Extinct | XV century (final) |
| Language | ancient Kyrgyz |
| Religion | Tengrianism , Nestorianism , Manichaeism , Islam , Buddhism |
| Included in | Turkic peoples |
| Related peoples | Gaoju , modern Tien Shan Kirghiz and Fuyu Kirghiz , Khakass , Altaians , Teleuts , Telengits , Chulymts , Tuvans , Shors . |
| Origin | dinlins |
Content
- 1 Yenisei Kyrgyz in the Hunnic time
- 2 Yenisei Kyrgyz under the Türks and Uyghurs
- 2.1 Country Description
- 3 The defeat of the Uighurs and the heyday of the Yenisei Kyrgyz
- 4 Late history and the problem of kinship with modern peoples
- 4.1 XVII — XVIII centuries
- 4.2 Fuyui Kirghiz
- 4.3 Ancient and modern Kyrgyz: terminology
- 4.4 Summary
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature and Internet sources
Yenisei Kyrgyz during the Hunnic period
The first mention of the Yenisei Kyrgyz is contained in the " Historical Notes " by Sima Qian in connection with the subordination of their state to the Huns ( 201 BC ) [1] . Chinese sources of the Tang period describe the Yenisei Kyrgyz as tall, with red hair, a white face, and green or blue eyes {{ subst: AI }}. A similar description is given in Tibetan and Islamic sources. However, not all Yenisei Kyrgyz were fair-haired and fair-eyed. Chinese sources of the same period indicate a lesser degree of dark-haired and dark-eyed. The American Turkologist Michael Drompp interestingly spoke about this [2] :
| Due to the appearance of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, a certain number of researchers were inclined to see non-Turkic, or at least ethnically mixed people with a significant non-Turkic component in the early Kyrgyz. Many scholars supported this idea, after discovering words that they considered non-Turkic (especially Samoyed), among Kyrgyz words stored in Chinese sources. However, it should be noted that the connection between language and race is largely unconvincing. The physical appearance of the Kyrgyz people cannot be considered an indicator that they were not Türks, just like the lexical appearance of a few possibly not Türkic words, whose presence can be explained by the usual practice of linguistic borrowings. The Yenisei Kyrgyz inscriptions (8th century CE and later) are actually written in fully Turkic, and Chinese Tang sources clearly say that the written and spoken language of the Kyrgyz at that time was identical to that of the Turkic-speaking Uighurs. Most of the Kyrgyz words stored in Chinese sources are actually Turkic. There is no reason to assume the non-Turkic origin of the Kyrgyz. |
The Chinese believed that the Yenisei Kyrgyz had their own state of Jiankun (堅 昆) (or Juyu 居 Цз, Jiegu 結 骨), whose population was considered mixed with dinlins. According to legend, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were ruled by the descendants of the Hunnic Chjuki Prince, the Chinese commander Li Ling (李陵).
Yenisei Kyrgyz under the Türks and Uyghurs
In the 5th - 8th centuries, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were subordinate to the Jujans , the Turkic Khanate , and the Uigur Kaganate . With the Uighurs of the Yenisei Kyrgyz there were quite a lot: more than 100 thousand families and 80 thousand soldiers. From the lands of the Yenisei Kyrgyz to the headquarters of the Uyghur Kagan there were 3,000 li or 40 days of travel by camel [3] .
Country Description
In the Chinese chronicles , a rather detailed description of the country of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, preserved by the embassy , traveling from Ordos through the Uigur Khaganate to the lands of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, was preserved. In 841, by decree of the emperor of the Tang U-tzun dynasty, officials of the ritual order questioned the Yenisei Kyrgyz ambassadors and made the following description of their country.
| Soils are marshy, winters are snowy. There are more women than men. Men wear earrings in their ears, by nature - brave and strong. Tattoos are ubiquitous: for soldiers on their hands, for married women on their faces. Marriages are not very strong . They know the months, seasons and 12-year cycles of years. Sow millet , wheat , oats , barley . Flour is made with manual millstones. Sown in April, reaped in October. Make a beer. Vegetables and fruits are not grown. Large and strong horses are bred. Lots of cows, sheep, fewer camels. Horses and sheep pay kalym, the rich give 100-1000 goals. Herds of rich in several thousand heads of cows. From food they prefer meat and milk, for the ruler they make beer and pies. They hunt tarpan , roe, grains , sheep, deer, black-tailed goats. Judging by the description, sturgeons are fishing. They hunt birds: geese, ducks, hawks, magpies, eagles. In their country, trees grow: birch (most), pine, willow, spruce, elm. They extract gold , iron , and tin, for which mines were pulled out, which the locals later called the miracle mines . During the rain (?) Smelted iron called jiasha (迦沙) from which they made extremely sharp weapons supplied to the Turks . They wear white felted hats, belts with a sharpener . The poor dress in sheepskin and don’t wear hats. Women dress in woolen dresses or imported silk. In winter they live in bark-covered huts. They use bows in war, they know banners, riders have wooden shields for arms and legs, and shoulder pads from saber attacks and arrows. Warriors are collected from all genera. The ruler is called "agjo" (阿 熱) and the dynasty is also called agjo [4] . In front of the tsar’s house, a banner was set, he wears a sable hat in winter and a cap with a gold rim in summer. Its stake is in forested mountains (青山), around wooden walls. The tent of aje is called midaji (密 的 支). People pay taxes with sables and squirrels. There are officials of six ranks. Military: seven ministers, three commanders, ten jishi (職 使). 15 Changsha (長史) deal with civil affairs, the rest of the officials do not have a certain number. For fleeing the battle, negligence at the embassy, giving bad advice to the king, and for theft they cut their heads. If the thief has a father alive, then he must carry his son's head with him until his death. From the instruments they know flute, tambourine, sheng , bamboo horn (觱 篥), drum. Love tightrope walkers and performances with trained animals. Victims of spirits are brought to the field at any time. Shamans are called "gan" (甘, cf.). At weddings they pay kalym. At the funeral, they mourn the deceased, wrap him in a shroud three times and burn him, a year later the remains are buried and mourned again. They understand their language with Uyghur, they know written language [5] . |
The defeat of the Uighurs and the heyday of the Yenisei Kyrgyz
In the first half of the 7th century, the Yenisei Kyrgyz became dependent on the Syuyanto , and the Uyghurs appointed a governor ( Chinese 頡 利 發 ) for supervision. However, the power of the king and his three advisers remained: tsishibei ( Chinese. 訖 悉 輩 ), jiushabobei ( Chinese. 居 沙波 輩 ), amibeya ( Chinese. 阿米 輩 ).
In 648, the suyyanto were defeated by the Tang empire, and many Uighurs entered into Tangan citizenship. The Yenisei Kyrgyz decided to send ambassadors to the emperor. Elder Sılif Shiboku Achzhan ( Chinese 俟 利 發 失 缽 屈 阿 棧 ) came to the court. At the feast, he asked the emperor to make him his vassal. The emperor ordered the lands of this elder under the name of the jiankun governorate ( Chinese 堅 昆 府 ) to be taken, the elder received the military rank of zo tunwei da jiangjun ( Chinese 左 屯 衛 大 將軍 , the rank is unclear), he was appointed head of the district (都督, dudan) governorship (燕 然 都 護).
From 650 to 683 sent 2 embassies to China.
In 707-710 years. they sent gifts to Emperor Tang Chung-tzun , and he mentioned that he distinguishes the Yenisei Kyrgyz from his vassals because of the proximity of origin [6] .
From 712–756, under the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Xuan-tzun , gifts were sent four times.
In 758, the Uigurs of Moyan-chur conquered the Yenisei Kyrgyz. Apparently, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were divided into several principalities. Relations were established with the Dashi Arabs (from whom came caravans with patterned fabrics), the Tibetan empire , as well as with the Karluks , who were used as guides on caravan routes. Aže received the title of Pigadunjiejin from the Turks ( Chinese 毗 伽 頓 頡 斤 , piga = bilge = wise).
In 840, they defeated the Uyghur Kaganate and formed the Kyrgyz Kaganate , which for more than 80 years was the main force in Central Asia . Around 818, Aje declared himself a kagan, his mother (she was from the Turgeshs ) - a khan-widow (可 敦), his wife (she was the daughter of a Tibetan general) - a khan. The Uyghurs sent an army led by the minister, but could not win. The war lasted 20 years, and the Uyghurs did not succeed. Aje believed in a quick victory. The Uighurs had an interregnum, and Elder Tszyulu Mohe ( Chinese 句 錄 莫 賀 ) brought an army of Yenisei Kyrgyz to the Uyghur capital. Hara-balgas was burned, in the middle of the ashes of Aje, he set up his golden tent. Among the trophies, Taihe ( Chinese 太和 公主 ), the Chinese princess and the widow of four kagans got to him. Kagan moved the headquarters to the mountains of Laoshan and sent the Chinese princess with an escort to Tan, but along the way he was attacked by the Uighur Uge Khan and took the princess. Kagan sent Zhuu Hae Soo ( Chinese 註 吾 合 素 ) to the emperor to tell him what had happened.
In 841, the Yenisei Kyrgyz ambassador arrived at the emperor of the Tang dynasty , U-zong . The emperor welcomed him very cordially, placed him above the ambassador from the state of Bohai ( Chinese 渤海 ). The manager ( Chinese 卿 ) Zhao Fang ( Chinese 趙 蕃 ) went to the kagan on a return visit. The emperor also ordered ministers and officials from the “Ritual Order” ( Chinese 鴻臚 寺 ) to interview ambassadors and write a description of the country of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. Minister Dae Yu (德裕) proposed drawing up the genealogy of Aze and writing his portrait.
Ager began to persecute Uge Khan, who took refuge in the Heichez tribe (“black men”), and asked Tan for support. But the empire at that time was in decline and held only because of the destruction of the Uighurs and the collapse of Tibet. The emperor ordered Aje to be awarded the title of Zong Yingsyun Chengmin Kekhan ( Chinese 宗 英雄 武 誠 明 可汗 ), but in 846 Tang Wu-zong died before sending ambassadors, and the new emperor Tang Xuan-zong did not rush. At a general council of senior officials, they decided that the titles were given to the Uyghurs when they were strong, and if the Yenisei Kyrgyz were awarded, they would become proud and become dangerous. The emperor revoked the letter.
In 847, the Yenisei Kyrgyz made a major campaign on the Amur against the Uyghurs who had fled there in an amount of up to 500 people [7] and the Shivei tribe who covered them, 70 thousand horsemen led by Minister Abo took part in the campaign [8] .
In 847, the kagan died. The emperor gave the new Kagan the title of Inu Cheng Min Kekhan (英武 誠 明 可汗).
In the years 860-874. Yenisei Kyrgyz sent ambassadors to Tan three times. After the historians did not keep records.
Subsequently, the Kaganate broke up into several principalities, which were included in 1207 by Jochi in the Mongol Empire .
Late history and the problem of kinship with modern peoples
Since the Yenisei Kyrgyz themselves, despite the abundance of publications, have not been sufficiently studied, the question of their kinship with other ancient and especially modern peoples remains open. It has long been a hypothetical descendant of ancient Kyrgyz people [9] and is often referred to as Khakasses .
However, other data exist. So, a well-known expert on the history of Siberia, S. V. Bakhrushin , describing the “ Kyrgyz land ” on the Yenisei, indicates: despite the name, the Kyrgyz made up only a small part of its population [10] . Later studies confirm that the terms “Yenisei Kyrgyz” and “Kyrgyz lands” can erroneously mean the Kyrgyz, although in reality we are talking about Kyrgyz Kyshtyms of the 17th century , who played a significantly larger role in the formation of the Khakass ethnic group [11] .
XVII — XVIII centuries
One way or another, at the beginning of the XVII century, that is, to the arrival of the Russians, people called the Yenisei Kyrgyz lived in southern Siberia (mostly in the territory of modern Khakassia), in the so-called Kirghiz zemstvo. Here they had a confederation of four principalities - uluses , consisting of:
- Altirsky ulus
- Altysar ulus
- Isar (Yezersky) ulus
- Tubinsky ulus
The Yenisei Kyrgyz along with the western and eastern Mongols and Kyshtyms for about a hundred years hindered the advancement of Russians in southern Siberia. In 1679, the Kyrgyz general Bek Irenek twice besieged the Krasnoyarsk prison , founded in 1628 to protect against the attacks of the Yenisei Kyrgyz.
However, at the beginning of the XVIII century, the Yenisei Kyrgyz who resisted the Russians were forced to completely or partially leave their main territory - the Minusinsk depression . It is believed that some of them, the military elite of about 3 thousand people, went to Dzungaria in 1703.
Fuyui Kirghiz
After the defeat of Dzungaria by the Qing Empire in 1757-1758. the surviving Yenisei Kyrgyz were deported to Manchuria , in the current county of Fuyui , Heilongjiang Province of China . Currently they are called Fuyuysky Kyrgyz . The number of Fuyuysky Kyrgyz people in 1997 was about 1200 people.
According to the reports of Gandula Salk and Mambet Turdu, the first scientific information about the Fuyui Kyrgyz was recorded during the Japanese occupation of the territory of Manchuria (1931-1945). In 1943, a three-person Japanese team: Tiansun, a medical doctor, He Hangying, and Wu Tianhao from the Dalian library, visited Fuyuy and Wujiazi while studying the Mongolian population in the occupied territory. During July 1944, the Japanese scientist Masato Suhara (Jap. 栖 原 正人) visited Wujiazi to study the Fuyui Kyrgyz. He cited the work of former researchers and introduced into scientific circulation a small amount of primary information regarding the Fuyui Kyrgyz in his article “A Trip to the Kyrgyz”, reprinted in 1986.
Among the earliest references to Fuyui Kyrgyz can be reported from Soviet soldiers of Kyrgyz nationality to the headquarters of the Soviet Army, which joined Heilongjiang in 1945, about the discovery among the local population of people who call themselves Kyrgyz and speak a language they understand, which was subsequently reported the Chinese side.
An invaluable contribution to the study of the Fuyui Kyrgyz was made by the Chinese Kyrgyz historian Hu Zhenhua, who, since 1957, has been conducting a number of field and theoretical studies on history, the religious situation, and family traditions. He also carefully analyzed the lexical, phonetic and morphological features of the language based on the linguistic material he had collected.
Ancient and Modern Kyrgyz: Terminology
The term "Yenisei Kyrgyz" was coined by Soviet historians to distinguish between the ancient people (ie the Yenisei Kyrgyz) and modern Kyrgyz , who retained their ancient self-name "Kyrgyz". However, in modern Kyrgyz-language literature, instead of the term "Yenisei Kyrgyz", the term "baiyrky kyrgyzdar" is used, in translation - "ancient Kyrgyz".
Summary
Today, evidence of the link between the Yenisei Kyrgyz and the modern peoples of Asia needs additional reinforcement. Nevertheless, the language of the Yenisei Kyrgyz - the ancient Kyrgyz - is considered the ancestor of the modern languages of the Kyrgyz subgroup (see Turkic languages ): Fuyui-Kyrgyz (a small group in Manchuria), Chulym , Khakass , Shor , Saryg-Yugur and (possibly) South Altai . Isolation and migration of Fuyui Kyrgyz in the second half of the 11th century coincides with the Saryg-Yugur isolation. Fuyuytsy are related to the Khakass, and now live in China in the province of Gansu. They appeared in these territories since the collapse of the Kyrgyz Haganate. Thus, the Fuyuyts are the only proven modern relatives of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. However, the point of view of A. N. Bernshtam is still relevant, having put forward the assumption of a multi-stage resettlement of the Yenisei Kyrgyz from the Yenisei to the Tien Shan during the periods of antiquity and the Middle Ages, that is, about the direct relationship of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and modern Kyrgyz [12] . Texts found in the Kochkor and Talas valleys of Kyrgyzstan written by the ancient Turkic runes in the Orkhon-Yenisei literary language date from the second half of the VIII century, which coincides with the period of the early migration of the Yenisei Kyrgyz to Semirechye. The question of the identity of the Yenisei Kyrgyz themselves, that is, the connection of the ancient Kyrgyz with the Kyrgyz who resisted the Russian advance on the Yenisei in the 17th century, remains open.
Notes
- ↑ Kerimbekova N. Formation of the ethnic territory and state border of Kyrgyzstan Archival copy of October 25, 2007 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Michael Drompp. The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest .
- ↑ Camel runs about 50 km per day on a good road
- ↑ 其 君曰 「阿 熱」 ， 遂 姓 阿 熱 氏
- ↑ Probably, the ancient Turkic runic script .
- ↑ The ruling surname Li 李 came from the Turks, at least from the female side.
- ↑ P.P. Azbelev. The ancient Kyrgyz. Essays on history and archeology. Chapter V. An era that was not: Yenisei Kyrgyz at the turn of the millennium
- ↑ History of Khakassia: from ancient times to 1917. SECTION II. KHAKASIA IN THE EPOCH OF FEODALISM. (VI - the first half of the XIX century.). Chapter 3. THE ANCIENT KHASK STATE (VI — XIII centuries). POLITICAL HISTORY. 4. The ancient Khakass state in the IX-XII centuries. . - Moscow: Publishing company "Oriental literature", 1993. - S. 68.
- ↑ See, for example, the work of L. A. Evtyukhova , which in fact identifies two ethnic groups: 1) Archaeological sites of the Yenisei Kyrgyz (Khakases). - Abakan, 1948; 2) Southern Siberia in antiquity // Following the traces of ancient cultures. From the Volga to the Pacific Ocean. - M., 1954. - S. 193-224. Archived July 22, 2018 to Wayback Machine - C. 207.
- ↑ Bakhrushin S.V. Yenisei Kirghiz in the 17th century // Historical works. T. III. Part 2. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. - S. 176-224. - S. 176
- ↑ Potapov L.P. Khakases // Peoples of Siberia. - M.-L., 1956. - S. 376-419. - S. 384.
- ↑ Bernshtam A.N. History of Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan from Ancient Times to the Mongol Conquest // Brief Communications of the Institute of the History of Material Culture. - M.-L., 1947. - Issue. 16. - S. 176-177.
Literature and Internet sources
- Azbelev P.P. Ancient Kyrgyz. Essays on history and archeology . Online version .
- Azbelev P.P. Importance of archival materials for studying the culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz // Problems of the study of Siberia in the research work of museums. Krasnoyarsk: 1989, p. 131-133.
- Azbelev P.P. First Kyrgyz people on the Yenisei // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Series 12. Sociology. Vol. 4, pp. 461-469.
- Bakhrushin S.V. Yenisei Kirghiz in the 17th century // Historical works. T. III. Part 2. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. - S. 176-224.
- Bichurin N.Ya. (Iakinf) . Collection of information ... {/} I. Hakyans. Hagas .
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- Skobelev S.G. Panagia gate from the burial of the Yenisei Kyrgyz of the late Middle Ages .
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