Political name ( ancient Greek πολιτική "state activity" and όνυμα - name, name), or political name - the name of all citizens of a state [1] , the total population of a certain administrative region [2] , derived from the name of a state or region, for example, Nigerians [3] , Americans , Soviet people , Russians , Tatarstan , Chinese .
A politonym indicates a political affiliation of people without regard for their ethnic , social or any other identity. For example, the term "Belgian people" means all Belgian citizens, although it is divided into two distinct ethnic groups, the Walloons and the Flemings ; the same in English means the word Russians , used not only to name Russians , but also all citizens of Russia , although in Russia there are more than a hundred ethnic groups.
Content
Converting political names into ethnonyms, socionims and vice versa
An example of the conversion of a political name from an ethnonym can be the spread of the ethnonym " Bulgars " at the beginning of the second millennium AD er on the population of the Volga region , different in ethnic and linguistic composition:
Given the nature of the archaeological material, we can assume that the content of the ethnonym "Bulgars" by the middle of the XI century loses its ethnic content and becomes a political name, denoting in general people living on the territory of Volga Bulgaria.
- Rudenko KA Volga Bulgaria in the XI - early XIII century: settlements and material culture. - Kazan: RIC "School", 2007. - p. 108.
As follows from the chronicle sources, the state of Eastern Slavs Russia got its name after the Vikings-Rus . The ancient Russian chroniclers, the earliest of whom was a monk of the beginning of the XII century, Nestor , simply note that "the Russian land has been nicknamed since those Varyags". According to the Norman theory, the origin of the political name and the ethnonym “Russia” is raised to the Old Norse socionim Róþsmenn or Róþskarlar - “rowers, seamen” or the word “Rootsi / Rootsi” among Finns and Estonians , meaning Sweden in their languages, and which, according to some linguists, when it was borrowed into Slavic languages, it was to turn it into “Russia” [4] .
At one time, the ethnonym Rus, which originally belonged to the Varangians who had settled in the north of Eastern Europe, similarly emerged from the Scandinavian social term, became the name of the state of Russia, in which the Varangians were the ruling stratum of princely warriors. The power of the Kiev prince rested on this stratum, as clearly stated in The Tale of Bygone Years. The name of Russia gradually supplanted the tribal names of the Eastern Slavs (25), and after the collapse of Kievan Rus, it was preserved by the Russians, the Carpathian Ukrainians, by the Rusins, and in the name of the country Belarus.
- Bushakov V. А. Ethnonym "Tatars" in time and space. // Qasevet. - 1994. - № 1 (23). - p. 24-29.
An example of the conversion of an ethnonym into a political name, then into socionim, and back into an ethnonym can be the history of the use of the word "Tatars". After the conquest in the XIII century. The Volga region by the Mongols and the formation of the Golden Horde , the ethnonym “ Tatars ” introduced by the conquerors became a political name for the polyethnic population of the newly formed state in the Volga region, as well as the khanates formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde in the XV century. After the conquest of the Volga region in the XVI century. Russian state this politonym becomes socionim .
Our chronicles mix not only Chuvash and Cheremis, but sometimes call those and other Tatars: so in the letter of 1669, given to possession of various lands of Kinyar volost, Chuvash of Kozmodemyansky and Cheboksary districts are called mountain servicemen Tatars
.
Since in the Kazan Khanate, almost all Tatars, with the exception of clergy and servants, belonged to the service classes, and in the Russian state, service people from non-Russian peoples of the Volga region were called Tatars.
- Dimitriev V.D. Comments // Mikhailov S.M. Collected Works. - Cheboksary: Chuvash. Prince publishing house, 2004. - p. 481-482.
At the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, this socionim became the ethnonym of one of the Volga peoples. The Tatar enlightener Shigabutdin Mardzhani stated in this connection:
Some (of our fellow tribesmen) consider it a vice to be called a Tatar, avoiding this name, and declare that we are not Tatars ...! If you are not a Tatar or an Arab, not a Tajik, a Nogayan, and not a Chinese, Russian, French, Prusak or German, then who are you?
- Yuzeev A.N. Shihab ad-Din Mardzhani - thinker, religious reformer, enlightener (on the 180th anniversary of his birth). - Kazan: Iman, 1997. - p. 33.
See also
- Citizenship
- Ethnonym
- Socionim
- Kultonym
- Confession
Notes
- ↑ Yatsenko, N. Ye. Explanatory Dictionary of Social Science Terms. - SPb .: Lan, 1999. - 528 p. - ISBN 5-8114-0167-1
- ↑ Socio-economic terminological dictionary of a librarian. - St. Petersburg: Russian National Library, 2011. - 136 p.
- ↑ Large dictionary of foreign words [Text]: more than 24,000 words / Comp. A. Yu. Moskvin. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf; Polyus, 2003. - 815 p. - ISBN 5-227-01294-6
- ↑ M. Vasmera Etymological Dictionary (word Rus ); Melnikova E. A., Petrukhin V. Ya. The name “Russia” in the ethnocultural history of the ancient Russian state (9th-10th centuries) // Questions of history. - 1989. - № 8.
Links
Literature
- Yatsenko, N. Ye. Explanatory Dictionary of Social Science Terms. - SPb .: Lan, 1999. - 528 p. - ISBN 5-8114-0167-1
- Large Dictionary of Foreign Words [Text]: more than 24,000 words / Comp. A. Yu. Moskvin. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf; Polyus, 2003. - 815 p. - ISBN 5-227-01294-6
- Terminological dictionary of a socio-economic librarian. - St. Petersburg: Russian National Library, 2011. - 136 p.