Oirat Khanate, Durban-Oirat ( Mong. Durvon Oirad ) - a union (confederation) of Oirat nomadic ethno-political associations that preceded the creation of the Dzhungar Khanate in 1635. It was formed after the fall of the Yuan Empire in the territory of modern Xinjiang , Russia , Kazakhstan and Western Mongolia .
| confederation | |
| Oirat Khanate Durban Oirat | |
|---|---|
 Mongolian states in the 14-17 centuries. : Mongol Haganate , Oirat Khanate and Mogulistan | |
←   → →1399 - 1635 | |
| Languages) | Oirat language - Western dialect of the Mongolian language |
| Religion | Until the 17th century, shamanism , after the 17th century - Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelug school organically synthesized with Oirat shamanism |
| Square | 1,000,000 km2 (end of the 14th century - end of the 16th century); ~ 1,600,000 km2 (beginning of the 17th century) |
| Population | Oirats |
Etymology
Translated from the Mongolian language " durban", "durvon" means " four " [1] .
There are three main versions of the definition of the concept of “Durban-Oirat” [2] :
1) four allied tribes;
2) the union of the Dorben and Oirat ;
3) four Oirat Tumen (military and probably administrative units) [2] .
The following names are found in the literature: dörben oyirad, durban, durban tuman and durban tuman oirat [3] [2] .
Durban tribe and oirats
From the “Secret Legend of the Mongols” it is known that the sons of Duva-Sohor founded the Durban tribe [4] . In the annals of the Ordos prince Sagan Setsen “Erdenin Tobchi”, the origin of the ancient Oirats from the 4 sons of Duva-Sokhor - Donoy, Dokshin, Emnek and Erkeg, who became the ancestors of the 4 genera of the ancient Oirats - Olets , trampolines , 5 ] . The message of Rashid ad-Din that Khuduha-beki , the leader of the union of Oirat tribes, came from the Durban tribe also speaks of the ancient kinship relations of the Durban tribe with the Oirats [6] .
G.O. Avlyaev was the first to draw attention to the fact that the names of the 4 mythical ancestors of the Oirats, sons of Duvu-Sohor, are clearly of totemic origin and are easily translated from the Oirat and Kalmyk languages. Dona - literally means mad, furious. Dokshin is fierce, indomitable. Emnek is wild, indomitable, and also a synonym for the word horse-neuk, that is, a wild, unrootted horse (emneg-morin). Erkeg - imperious, main, powerful [5] .
According to D.V. Tsybikdorzhiev, the campaign of the Durban Dorbo on the Hori-Tumat , the result of which was the release of Khudukh-beki from captivity and the return to that of the Hori-Tumat heiress Botokha, was one of the initial stages of the revival and strengthening of the old ties between the Oirats and Durban. D. V. Tsybikdorzhiev also supported the hypothesis according to which the expression “durban oirad” was originally translated not as a union of “four Oirats”, but meant the ethnic kinship of two tribes - Durban and Oirats [7] . However, a number of authors do not support the idea of the origin of the ancient Oirats from Duva-Sokhor [8] [9] .
History
According to G. O. Avlyaev, the historical ancestors of the Oirats should include not only the Oirat tribes themselves ( Olets , trampolines , Hoyts and Kerguds ), but also the remnants of ancient tribes from the tszubu group - the Kereits , Merkits and Naimans , who became the ethnic substrate for the Oirats - Torgouts and Oirat-Hoshouts [10] .
According to N. Ya. Bichurin , the formation of the Oirat Union began after the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368. Initially, the Durban Oyrat union (literally “four oirats”), according to Bichurin, included Choros , Khoshut, Torguts, Derbets [11] [12] .
The Khoshutsky noyon of Batur-Ubashi Tyumen, in its History of Durban Oirats, written in 1819, provides the following data on the composition of durban oirats: “One of the [units] of those who are called durban oirats is the Elet. The second [unit] is the Hoyts and Ba'atuts. The third [unit] is the Barguts and Buraats . The fourth [unit] - Derbets, Dzungars , Khoshuts, Tumets . Due to the fact that the Torguts were the support (that is, were in a subordinate position) of the Durban-Oirats, they could not [subjugate the Oirats who had become famous before ” [13] .
Based on the testimony of the historical work “The History of Ho-Erlök”, three periods in the union of durban-oirats over the time of existence were identified:
1. The First Four Oyrats (Türügün Dörben Oyirad) (1437-1502);
2. The Middle Four Oirats (Dumdadu Dörben Oyirad) (1502-1637);
3. The Last Four Oirats (Segül-ün Dörben Oyirad) (1637-1758).
The First Four Oirats
About the union of the First Four Oirats, an unknown author of The History of Ho-Erlök, written as it is commonly believed, in the second half of the 18th century, reports the following: “Actually, in the past, four tribes separated, constituted a [separate] tribe called“ Four Oirats ". The first Oirat is the Elites ; the second Oirat is the Hoyts and Ba'atuts , united together; the third Oirat - the barga [-y] and the Buraats ; the fourth Oirat is the four Angi (tribal units) united together. When these Four Oirats formed, they became known as the First Four Oirats ” [14] [15] [12] .
The peak of power of the First Durban-Oirat Union fell on the first half of the 15th century, during the reign of the Oirat rulers of Togon Taisha (died in 1439) and his son Esen Khan (reign: 1440-1454). The second and third divisions of the Durban-Oirat Union included ethnic components (Hoyts, Baatuts, Barguts and Buraats), related by origin to tribal groups of ancient Oirats of the Eight Rivers [12] .
Middle Four Oirats
After Esen's death, this alliance entered a period of decline and gradually disintegrated. An anonymous author of The History of Ho-Erlöck connects the disintegration with the migration of a significant part of the first division of the Durban Oirats - the Elites to the west in 1502 and the termination of their allied relations with other Oirats . He reports the following: “The Oirat-Elites migrated at the instigation of the yellow demon,” and when they crossed the Mankhan River, ice [there] formed and blocked it [the way back]. Then half of the Hoyts joined the Ba'athut , Khoshut, and Torgut . Those that remained after them joined the Barguts and the Khalkha , the Soyots . Buryats joined the Russians . After that, when the Durban-Oirats were divided among themselves, only one Hoshuts made up one division of Oirats, the Elets ( Dzungars ) - another, the Torguts - the third, and the Derbets - the fourth, and they became known as the Middle Four Oirats ” [14] [15] [ 12] .
The Last Four Oirats
The information about the Middle Union of Durban Oirats given in the History of Ho-Erlök, despite their very approximate nature, sheds some light on the new stage of consolidation of Oirats . In this conglomerate of ethnic groups, significant changes and movements occurred that led to its disintegration. Last but not least, it was connected with the migration in the first half of the 17th century. part of the Khoshuts in Kukunor and another part of the merchants who moved to the region of the Northern Caspian . The Khoshuts in the Middle Durban-Oirat Union occupied a dominant position, but by the time of its collapse their influence had greatly weakened. The Dzhungars came to the fore, as the remaining Elet , and their related Derbets , were called. Then the Union of the Last Durban-Oirats was formed in 1637, in which “half of the Khoshuts made up one unit of Oirats, instead of Torguts, the Jungars made up one unit of Oirats, Derbets - one unit of Oirats, half of the Hoyuts - one unit of Oirats, and they became known as the Last Four Oirats " [14] [15] [12] .
According to V.P. Sanchirov, the place of the Torguts who migrated to the Volga was taken not by the Dzungars , but by the Hoyts [16] [12] . Scientists from the PRC Erdenebaatar and Tsogtu believe that the Middle Union of Durban-Oirats lasted until 1671, when the Dzungarian Galdan Boshogtu-khan defeated the Khosut Ochirt Tsetsen-khan and the khanate again passed to the feudal rulers of the Dzhungars from the aristocratic clan [of Choros ] . They established centralized power over all tribal divisions of the Dzungaria , and therefore, according to V.P. Sanchirov, the Union of the Last Durban Oirates can be spoken of as the Dzungarian Khanate . This Oirat state for several decades opposed the expansion of the Qing Empire and was eventually destroyed by the Qing invaders. Together with him, the existence of the Oirat Union ended [12] .
Tamur Khan
Omeg Temur Khan (Ugechi Hashigu) - the great khan of the Mongol Empire ( 1402 - 1408 ). He was one of the leaders of the Oirat Union. According to the Central Asian sources of the Timurid time, the genealogy of the Oreg of Temur Khan (Guilichi) is derived from Ugedei . This version was supported by Japanese researcher Minobu Honda and the Mongolian historian Sh. Bira [18] .
Researchers identify Ugechi Hashigu with Guilichi in Chinese sources , the Oirat Menke-Timur and the Torgut Mahachi-Menke. Ugechi Hashigu was at the head of the Oyrat clan Kergut [19] . In the annals of Erdenin Tobchi, the founder of the Kergut genus is Erkeg, the son of Duva-Sokhor , the ancestor of the Oirats and the Durban tribe [5] . A number of researchers call the ancestors of the Kerguts kereits [19] . According to D. G. Kukeev, Guilichi, Menke-Timur and Ugechi-khashiga - one person who headed one of the subethnic groups, which was part of the Oirats and called the Kerguts, Mongolian chroniclers, the pre-revolutionary orientalists Kereits, in whom modern Kalmykologists see the ancestors of the Torguts [ 19] [20] .
Taiji (khans) Choros and Khoshut
The genealogy of the Choros princes, according to N. Ya. Bichurin : Bohan → Ulintai Badai Taishi → Gohai Dae → Urluk Noin → Batulin Tsinsyn → Esen [11] [21] .
Genealogy of Omoka Choros, according to N.V. Yekeev: Bohan (Bio-Khan, Bogyu-khan, Buku-khan) → Ulntai-Badan-taishi → Huthai-tafu (Gouhai-give, Gohai-dae, Hoohoy-tayau, Huthai daiyu ) → Batula-chinsan (Mahamu, Mahmoud) → Togon-taishi → Esen-taishi → Yushtemer (Yushtyumuy, Yestemy, Estumi) → Boronagul (Boro-Nakhyl) [22] [21] .
Esen Taisha sons:
- Boro-Nahal, ruler of the Derbets [21] .
- Esmet Darkhan Noyon, ancestor of the Dzungar princes [23] , also known as Amasanji (Al-Timur) [24] → Ibrahim and Ilyas [23] .
Sons of Esen-taisha, according to N.V. Ekeev [25] :
- Horhudan [25] (Hoherhuda), is identified with Aragan Taisha [26] .
- Yustemyor (Yustumyuy, Estem, Estumi).
Sons of Yustemyor (or Esmet-darkhan), according to N.V. Yekeev [25] :
- Hishig-Yerleg → Arkhan-chinzan → Ongocha (Ongochu, Ongozo) → Marsh taishi (Bolokh, Bulat, Bula, Abidai-Bula) → Hara-Hula (Gumechi) → Erdene Baatur → Sengge , Galdan Boshoktu , Bume.
- Buren Ayalgu.
- Hamag taishi.
- Boronagul (Boro-Nakhyl).
The son of Galdan Boshoktu is Sebtin-Balchzhur [27] .
Descendants of Sengge: Tsewen-Ravdan → Galdan-Tseren → Lama-Darzha.
Descendants of Bum: Ceren-Dondup → Namjil-Dashi → Davachi , the last Dzungarian khan → Lubja [28] .
Sons of Abidai-Bul [29] :
- Hara Hula .
- Chuluig.
Five Tigers
The sons of the Khoshut Taisha Khan Noyon Khongor and his wife Akhai-Khatun are known in Oirat history as the “ five tigers ”: Baybagas-Baatur , Kundulen-Ubushi , Turu-Baihu (Gushi-Nomun-khan) , Zasaktu-ching-batur and Buyan- khatun batur.
Khan Noyon Khongor is the son of Boboy Mirce (Buuwei Mirza), the son of Kyn-Tygydi, the son of Orok-Tomor, the son of Aksagulday-noion, the son of Saba Shirm, the son of Burhan-Sanji, the son of Kei-Keimekty, the son of Adashir-Galzuchin-taiji son of Engke Symer, son of Habutu-Khasar , that is, a descendant of Genghis's brother Khasar [30] .
In total, Khan Noyon Khongor had eight sons: Buibugus Batur (Baybagas), Tomodi Kunduleng (Tavadi), Durgeci Ubashi [31] (Durgeci Kundulen Ubashi) [32] , Nomiin Khan Gushi, Zasaktu Ching- Batur, Buyan-Khatun-Batur, Hamigabektu and Hainak-Tushietu [31] [33] .
See also
- Dzungarian Khanate
- Kalmyk Khanate
- Khoshut Khanate
- Mongolian states
- Protomongols
- Mongolian tribes
Note
- ↑ Ochir A. Mongolian ethnonyms: questions of the origin and ethnic composition of the Mongolian peoples / Doctor of History E.P. Bakaev, Doctor of History K.V. Orlova. - Elista: KIGI RAS, 2016 .-- 286 p. - ISBN 978-5-903833-93-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Hoyt S.K. Ethnic history of Oirat groups . - Elista, 2015 .-- 199 p.
- ↑ Banzarov D. About Oirats and Uyghurs // Collected Works. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. - S. 180-186.
- ↑ The Secret Legend of the Mongols. § 11 . Translation by S. A. Kozin.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Avlyaev G.O. Origin of the Kalmyk people. - Kalmyk Book Publishing House, 2002. - S. 78. - 325 p.
- ↑ FAZLALLAH RASHID-AD-DIN-> CHRISTMAS COLLECTION-> PUBLICATION 1946-1952 YEAR .-> VOLUME I-> BOOK 1-> SECTION 3 . www.vostlit.info. Date of treatment April 20, 2019.
- ↑ Tsybikdorzhiev D.V. Oirats before and after 1207 // Cultural heritage of the peoples of Central Asia. Vol. 3. - 2012. - S. 120-148 .
- ↑ Buyandelger D. Ethnic history of the Barguts (XV — XVII centuries) // Cultural heritage of the peoples of Central Asia. Vol. 3: Sat Art. - S. 183-205 .
- ↑ Nanzatov B.Z. Resettlement and tribal composition of nomads of Central Asia in the Prechingis and Genghis time (according to the annals of Rashid ad-Din) // The Mongol Empire and the nomadic world (Proceedings of the international scientific conference). Prince 3. - 2008. - S. 377-443 .
- ↑ Avlyaev G.O. Origin of the Kalmyk people. - Kalmyk Book Publishing House, 2002. - P. 12-13. - 325 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Bichurin N. Ya. Historical Review of the Oirats or Kalmyks from the 15th Century to the Present. - 2nd ed. - Elista: Kalm. Prince Publishing House, 1991 .-- 128 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 V.P.Sanchirov, On the Question of the Durban-Oirat Union // Oriental Studies. - 2013. - Issue. 2 . - S. 7-12 . - ISSN 2619-0990 .
- ↑ Pozdneev A. M. Kalmyk reading book in high school Kalmyk public schools. - SPb., 1907. - 195 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Oyirad teüke-yin durasqal-ud. - [Ürümči] Šinǰiyangun arad-un keblel-ün qoriya, 1992. - 496 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ho Örlögyin tүүh // Oirad Mongolyn tүүhand holbogdoh survalzh bichgүүd - II. - Ulanbaatar, 2001 .-- S. 155-166.
- ↑ Sanchirov V.P. “Iletkhel Shastir” as a source on the history of Oirats. —M., 1990. - 138 p.
- ↑ Erdenbaγatur, Čoγtu. Oyirad teüke-yin šine negelte. - Todo üsüg-ün teüke-yin surbulǰi bičig // Öbör Monggol-un baγši-yin yeke surγaγuli-yin erdem šinǰilgen-ü sedgül. Neyigem-ün šinǰilekü uqaγan-u keblel-ün Oyirad teüke-yin tusγai duγar. - Nemeltü sedgül, 1987 .-- S. 176-181.
- ↑ Yurchenko A.G., Stepanenko V.P. From Onon to the Thames. Genghisides and their western neighbors . - Litres, 2017-09-05. - S. 90. - 578 p. - ISBN 9785040013975 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 D. Kukeev. On the issue of identifying historical personalities among Oirats in Chinese and Mongolian sources (on the example of Ugechi, Guilichi, Menke-Timur) // Bulletin of the UNSC RAS. - 2013. - T. 9 , No. 1 . - S. 95-99 .
- ↑ D. Kukeev, On the Peculiarities of Interpretation in the Identification of Historical Characters in the History of Oirates of the XV Century. According to Mongolian and Chinese Sources in Modern Historiography // Society and State in China. - 2015.- T. 45 , no. 17-1 . - ISSN 2227-3817 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Hoyt S.K. White spots in the derbet ethnogenesis // Youth and Science: The Third Millennium. Materials of the II Republican Scientific and Practical Conference. - Elista, 2006 .-- S. 104—122 .
- ↑ Ekeev N.V. Choros - Oyrotic princes // Materials on the 50th anniversary of the Institute of Altai Studies named after S. S. Surazakova (Institute for the Humanities of the Republic of Altai). - No. 10. - Gorno-Altaysk. 2003.
- ↑ 1 2 B. Kitinov, “Oirat-ogeledy ... crossed the Mankan River”: ethno-religious situation at the Oirats in the mid-15th and early 16th centuries // Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Series: General History. - 2017 .-- T. 9 , no. 4 . - S. 370-382 . - ISSN 2312-8127 .
- ↑ Kitinov B.U. On the role of religion in the ethnic history of the Oirats // Oriental Studies. - 2018. - Issue. 1 (35) . - S. 13-21 . - ISSN 2619-0990 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ekeev N.V. On the Ethnic History of the Oyrots-Choros // The World of Eurasia. Scientific Journal / Gorno-Alt. state un-t; ch. ed. N. S. Modorov. - Gorno-Altaysk, 2008. - No. 2. - S. 37–41.
- ↑ Yamaev E. E. “And we don’t have any desire to wander in conjunction with the Torgoust people” // Siberian Pedagogical Journal. - 2006. - Vol. 3 . - S. 187—192 . - ISSN 1813-4718 .
- ↑ Mitirov A.G. Oirat-Kalmyks: centuries and generations . - Kalmyk Book Publishing House, 1998 .-- S. 95. - 382 p.
- ↑ Dawadji - ou Dawaachi (Tchoros) d. 1759 - Rodovid . sr.rodovid.org. Date of treatment June 23, 2019.
- ↑ Chuluyga-Taisha Choros - Rodovid . sr.rodovid.org. Date of treatment June 23, 2019.
- ↑ Oirat historical song about the defeat of the Khalkhas Sholoy-Ubashi huntayji in 1587 . www.vostlit.info. Date of treatment June 23, 2019.
- ↑ 1 2 Badmaev A.V. Kalmyk historical and literary monuments in Russian translation . - 1969. - S. 22. - 202 p.
- ↑ Sanchirov V.P. On the way to the Volga: Oirat ethnopolitical associations in the 20-30s. XVII century // Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanitarian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2008. - No. 2 . - S. 2-23 .
- ↑ Khan Noyon Hongor Borjigin - Rodovod . ru.rodovid.org. Date of treatment June 24, 2019.