Chobruchi

There are several versions of the origin of the name of the village Chobruchi. In particular, "... a legend is known about how Cossack Mikhail Chuburcha settled on the banks of the Dniester and founded the village of Chuburcha (Chobruchi)." According to another version, which the Hungarian academician Sh. Satmari cites in his monograph, the name Chobruchi comes from the Slavic word hoops - it indicates that the villagers cultivated grapes and engaged in the cooperage. According to the third version, the name of the village also came from the word “hoops”, but its meaning is different: the fact is that during floods (as viewed from Slobodzeya) the village was surrounded by water, as if surrounded by a hoop. There is another version according to which several families from the right-bank village of Chobruchi, hiding from the Turkish authorities, crossed the Dniester and settled at the current location of the left-bank Chobruch. This version may well be accepted, if we consider that the right bank Chobruchi was founded earlier and was first mentioned as early as 1484, and the emergence of alternate villages is characteristic of the 18th century Podnistrovye. Thus, it is reasonable and quite obvious to borrow this name. Based on some documents, we can assume that in the XVI — XVIII centuries. The village was a town or town and was called “Tubor-cha”, “Tubarcha”, “Cheivercha”, “Chibertsa”, “Chebruch”, “Chobruchi”. The name of the village, quite possibly, is based on the refined form of the Moldovan word “cioburi” (shards). This name means that the Moldovans so called the territory of the former settlement, where after the raids, fires, decomposition, only red shards of clay utensils were preserved over time. This is especially noticeable and impressive after plowing and harrowing the earth.

The history of the village of Chobruchi dates back to the Middle Ages. In the “Book of the Great Drawing”, 20 miles down the Dniester, there is the Touborcha hail. On the map of Poland Vyacheslav Grodets-who XVI. on the Dniester River, the cities of Soroki, Ustya (in the lower Reut), Tigina, as well as the right-bank and left-bank towns of Tuborch are marked. The town of Tuborcha appears to be mentioned in the Russian chronicler Danilovich under 1405, where it says: “And Princess Alexandra was overtaken in the Tatar land, on the place called Cheriverch (otherwise Chibertsa, corresponds to Tubarcha, Choburchi, Chobruchi - author) and then grabbed it is at St. Nicholas, and that church was set up by some basurman named Hachibivaya or Hachibaba. ” In 1535 Peter Tomsha, parklab (commandant of the fortress) Chobruchsky was mentioned in Moldovan documents. However, this fact refers to the right bank Chobruchakh times of Stephen the Great. The first indirect mention of the village Chobruchi of the Slobodzeya district in historical documents dates back to 1573 - probably it appears in the Moldavian slatioan annals of Azariah 1551—1574. Local historian N. A. Mokhov claims that the village was founded later, in the 17th century. Thus, the date of birth of the settlement is within the end of the XVI - beginning of the XVII century. In any case, Chobruchi is one of the oldest settlements of Transnistria. In his monograph Chobruči, the Hungarian academician S. Satmari says that this village located on the left bank of the Dniester is mentioned in documents from the end of the 17th century. In them it is "... certified as a village, the main occupation of the inhabitants of which was viticulture." “To the few settlements known at the end of the XVII century. (Jura, Kuchurgan, Chobruchi), by the middle of the XVIII century. Glina, Dubossary, Slobodzeya, Karagash, Malaeshty, Molokish, etc. are added. ”U. Fratsman indicates that Chobruchi village was first mentioned as a settlement in 1753, but indirect evidence of the existence of a rather large settlement here dates back to the middle of the XVII century . On the map of Moldavia and Wallachia Ya. F. Schmid of 1774 there are several churches in the valley of the Kremennaya river, but there are no significant settlements there. According to S. Satmari, 2-3 thousand people lived in this place. At that time, a settlement with such a population could correspond to the city status. E.E. Shiryaev, along with Bendery, Belgorod, Khotin and other cities, also mentions the left bank Chobruchi, that is, as a city. Nevertheless, some researchers (including P. P. Byrnya) believe that Chobruchi could not be a fully urban settlement, rather, they were a large trade and craft village (town). Indeed, given the nature of the economic activity of the villagers, it could not be such, and in fact was just a large Transnistrian village. At least in Vedomosti Black Sea Cossack troops for 1789 and 1791. Chobruchi is referred to as a large settlement with a population of almost a thousand people.

The geographical position of Chobruch is unique. The originality of this area was noted by ancient geographers. In the relief of the South Transnistrian plain in the valley of the Dniester River there are four terraces. The village Chobruchi is located on the first and partly on the second (middle) terrace, on the left bank of the Dniester, 22 km below the city of Tiraspol. What are the advantages of the geographical location of the settlement?

Presumably back in I thousand BC. er The ancient convenient crossing of the Dniester (Tiras) near the village and the favorable natural landscape (rich pastures, hayfields, fertile virgin black soil, floodplain forests, abundance of animals, birds and fish) caused the appearance here of nomadic camps and long-term settlements, mound and soil burial grounds (rice . one). It is believed that in the VI century BC. er the army of the Persian king Darius I during the march on Scythia in the region of Chobruch was shipped across the Dniester. The Chobruch ferry had the most important military-strategic and commercial significance, since it served as a link for contacts between nomadic and tiller civilizations for which the river was a natural boundary. In the XVII — XVIII centuries. the main route passed through Chobruchi, going from Podolia along the Dniester to Hajibey. On a sufficiently detailed map of the Bessarabian region of N. I. Zuev (1855), Chobruchi is designated as a large village halfway from Slobodzeya to Nezavertaylovka. At the same time, neither Clay nor Short is shown on this map.

In the XIX century Chobruchi become a river pier, to the north of them passes the highway, which significantly improves the transport position of the village. With construction in the 70s of the XIX century. of the Odessa-Chisinau railroad, the export of agricultural products through the trade port of Odessa was much easier. For the shortest connection with the railway from Chobruch to Kuchurgan station, a field dirt road was built. At the end of the century, the village was located 20 versts from the county town of Tiraspol, 8 versts from the parish center and the Zemstvo postal station, 22 versts from the Kuchurhan 15'16 railway station. On the Tiras-Polish uyezd of 1886 (exhibited in the Tiraspol Museum of Local History) Chobruchi is located between two river estuaries: the northern Simonov Lak and the southern Zhepshi (later estuaries were drained), at the developing section of the river on the Dniester itself and the Turunchuk channel. always occupied a special place in the life of the village. On the one hand, the Dniester was its breadwinner, on the other - it was a threat to it. Near Chobruch, the river is divided into two branches: the western - the main one, which retains the name “Dniester”, and the eastern - “Turunchuk” , about a third of the water rushes along it. Both branches connect on the territory of Ukraine , only 20 km from the mouth of the river - the Dniester estuary . Even at the end of the XVIII century. engineer lieutenant-general of the Russian army Franz de Volan begins regular hydrological studies of the Dniester and Turunchuk channels in the vicinity of their separation. He designs the construction of the track lines, orders the liquidation of the Dniester channel in the area of ​​the village of Turunchuk (Chobruchi) and draws up an estimate plan for the necessary work. By 1803, the estimate was completed, but due to lack of funds and labor, this issue was not resolved for a long time. In August 1806, the secretary of the Kherson provincial government, Gladky, sent a warrant to the T-raskimsky land surveyor A.S. Sharzhinsky, in which he recalls that “the Dniester made a breakthrough with its aspiration near the natural boundary Turunchuk and cut off the noble part of the land with forests into possession of Porta” . The urgency of work on Turunchuk is underlined by the order of the Duke de Richelieu A.S. Sharzhinsky, which instructs to postpone all affairs and proceed to the construction of a “partition”. The order is accompanied by a river plan and a barrier at the entrance to the Turunchuk canal, a description of the work required, an indication of the number of people required and materials approved by the Department of Water Communications. Smooth points to the need for the form of the importance of attracting funds to him at the disposal of the Leader of the nobility of the Tiraspol district county councilor Knuman Tumanov! Up to the 70s of the XIX century, the old channel of the Dniester passed "under" the right-bank villages of Kitskan, Kopan, Talmazy and further through the lowlands of Adana. The Adana tract is a heavily silted and overgrown cane, reed and willow channel of the Old Dniester, which went out to the right-bank village of Chobruchi. Flooded meadows of Adana Chobruchany used for gardening and grazing. In fact, the channel of the Old Dniester has split into separate old-lake lakes. On the site of the main channel of the river were narrow and shallow streams, flutes, gullies, along which the water left after frequent flooding. The Dniester was extremely important economic, transport, irrigation, recreational value. In its flood plain, villagers contained orchards and melons, engaged in cattle grazing, fishing, hunting, and irrigated fields, gardens and orchards with Dniester water. In the second half of the XIX century. Chobruchi turned into a transit river pier. However, the migration of the river bed and the change of its fairway led to the end of the century to the deterioration of navigation conditions. In the late 70s, after another severe flood, the Dniester abruptly changed its course and cut off the village from the floodplain gardens. Villagers kept in touch with the gardens with the help of temporary ferries. At the turn of the XIX — XX centuries. in order to improve shipping, Russian specialists conducted a thorough hydrographic study of the Dniester and Turunchuk channels. "In the spring of 1918, the Dniester became the border between Romania and Soviet Russia, when they received the opportunity to care for their gardens, crossing the river with passes. However, a year later they were deprived of this opportunity until the mid-50s. For thirty years, the neglected gardens almost completely died. In the late 20s, the Simonov Lak estuary was collected and diverted into the Dniester. Pocharya , and under the village of Glinae , a girla to divert the waters of the Zhepshi estuary. In 1935–1937, locks were built that allowed the gravity to drain water from the estuaries when the water level in the Dniester and Turunchuk fell. construction of the Karagash open irrigation system, which allowed watering of collective farm lands located above the floodplains - on the second and third Dniester terraces. Later, a system of drainage canals was established, gradually draining the estuary lands. During these years, the Romanians pursued the goal of directing the Dniester along Turunchuk so as to cut off the land of Turunchuk island from the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and subordinate them to the right-bank villages of occupied Bessarabia. They cut down a forest on the right bank and dumped it into the Dniester below the place where Turunchuk originates. This led to partial closure and silting up of the main channel of the river. In response to these actions, the left bank authorities decided to block the beginning of the Turunchuk channel and strengthen the dams of both rivers. Work lasted two years - from 1925 to 1927. From a quarry in the village of Bychok, from railway stations and destroyed objects, large stones were brought here by carts. In the April issue of the newspaper Pravda in 1927, a TASS report was published: “The Council of People's Commissars of Moldova heard a report from Professor Yaroshensky, the chief supervisor of work at Turunchuk. The construction of the dam was completed in this area, which will prevent the diversion of the Dniester River from its bed. The Central Commission will finally take all the work performed by May 1. In addition, the peasants of Transnistria began reclamation work. Thanks to the built dam (partition), it became possible to establish the foundation for the construction of a hydropower plant with a capacity of 1000–2000 horsepower. ” Thus, the rejection of the agricultural land of Turunchuk Island with an area of ​​25 thousand hectares was prevented and the old bed of the Dniester was preserved. However, the dam did not last long, soon it was destroyed by ice and demolished downstream, as a result of which a cascade of underwater stones was formed - actually a man-made threshold. Only the foundation of this partition, which has survived to the present day, remains - it and the stones of the cascade are clearly visible when the water level in the river falls. Chobruchans call this place a “waterfall” and love fishing here. Then, in the 1920s and 1930s, work began on the dipping of the Turunchuk and Dniester riverbeds. Initially, they were conducted manually and on carts, and after World War II - with the help of excavators and bulldozers. At the beginning of the second half of the XX century. the dams were already wide enough and high enough to contain the flood. However, in 1969, in the Slobodzei area, after another disaster, the dam was broken. Waters filled the previously drained Upper Lyman (Simonov Lak) and destroyed several dozen houses on the northern outskirts of the village. The Lower Estuary (Zhepshi) was not damaged, probably because Turunchuk Island was under water. There was a threat of flooding the entire "Russian" part of the village. Hastily a five-meter-high dam was piled up. Over time, the trees and bushes covering the dam were eaten by cattle, washed away by the river, destroyed by construction equipment, cut down. Thus, by the end of the 20th century. the dam was defenseless against floods and floods, which periodically washed it. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century. the question of the ownership of the farmland of the island of Turunchuk remained open. In 1947, the native Chobruch lands across the Dniester were transferred to Talmaz forestry by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the Moldavian SSR. Seven years later, in 1954, the chairman of the collective farm they. V. I. Lenin, I. D. Vasilaty , being a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Moldavian SSR and a deputy of the Supreme Council of the MSSR, secured the lease of 60 hectares of floodplain land beyond the Dniester to the collective farm for a period of thirty years. Having received the Transnistrian gardens, Chobruchans uprooted wild trees and shrubs, planted plowing and planted gardens and vineyards, which later gave rich harvests. A permanent ferry service was established on the river, to which a gravel road led to Frunze Street led. Thirty years have passed. Over the years, the forest across the Dniester was uprooted, the ferry was demolished, the gardens were abandoned - the village was left without a recreation area and valuable agricultural land. According to the chief land surveyor of the Slobodzeya district, I. I. Gitsman, in 1984, by decision of the Slobodzeya district executive committee, these lands were given to the state farm of the village Talmazy in exchange for the land transferred to the state farm Moldavia of the village of Kremenchug. If Clay, Korotny and Nezavertylovka managed to defend their farmland on the island of Turunchuk, then Chobruchi lost their lands in the Adana tract.

No documents testifying to the ethnic composition of the population of Chobruchi village in the period up to the 17th century were found. In 1656-1658 gg. and later, in 1660, the famous Turkish traveler Evliya ебelebi visited Bendery - the author of a unique geographical and historical ten-volume edition of the Book of Travels. In it, he describes in detail the Bendery fortress, its Turkish-Moldovan suburb and nearby right-bank villages. According to him, Cossacks settled on the left bank. "It can be assumed that in the 17th century Moldovans, Little Russians, Poles, and Jews lived in Chobruch. However, at the end of this century the village was plundered and burned by the Turks, and its population on barges and rafts was hijacked Black Sea slavery. Part of these rafts with people stuck in the Crimea, never sailed to Turkey. Here the Chobruchans founded their own settlement. After decades, some residents returned to the destroyed village and revived it. The Transdniestrian settlement of Ochakov land was already at the beginning In the 18th century, semi-settled Tatars, Nogais, Moldavian peasants from the right bank of the Dniester, Ukrainians from Podolia and Little Russia, and southern provinces of Russia were settled in. The active historical, ethnographic, and Dniester (Edissan, Ochakov Oblast) areas of the Russian Empire began their active historical, ethnographic, and Ednissan (Edissan, Ochakov oblast) activities of the Russian empire, the ethnographic and the Dniester (Edissan, Ochakov Oblast), began to actively develop their historical, ethnographic and Dniester rivers (Edissan, Ochakov Oblast) in the Russian Empire. cartographic study.In the Moldavian linguistic atlas of the 1789 edition, it is indicated that there were 1,840 families in Chobruchi, of which 1,600 were Moldavian, the rest were Polish, Serbian, Ukrainian, Russian. However, in these figures, most likely, extra zeros are added, otherwise Chobruchi would be the largest settlement of the region, and this is unlikely. According to the statement of the Hungarian scientist S. Satmari, in the village from the 17th to the 20th centuries. lived Hungarians. He saw the proof of this fact in the fact that even in the 20th century in Chobruch, clothes and shoes, ancient songs and dances, lamentations at funerals and other traditions remained similar to Hungarian ones. On the map of 1791 compiled by military engineer F. de Volan, the village of Chobruchi is indicated. The researcher M. S. Sergievsky in the book “Moldavian-Slavic Studies” notes that in 1791 there were 184 yards and 940 inhabitants in the village. In the Vedomosti parishes of the 2nd deanery, established by decree of Archbishop Ambrose of Yekaterinoslav, in 1793, it is noted that "... in the village of Chobruchi there are 170 Polish, Serbian, Ukrainian and Russian ..." yards. After the Yassy peace in 1791, the Ochakov land was ceded to Russia. The peasants, returning home, began to revive their villages. They were originally built of large size, which was explained by the need to survive in the difficult conditions of settlement and economic development of the region. Transnistria became more intensively settled by immigrants from the Moldavian principality, who fled from the Turkish and boyar oppression. Here, on the left bank of the Dniester, formed the so-called "New Moldova". Moldovan peasants from the Bug Cossack Army moved here from Ukraine. One of the first Old Believers moved to the Left Bank Transnistria. For almost half a century ago in this region, they left a noticeable mark on the history of the village of Chobruchi. Since the beginning of the XVIII century. Old Believers kept their patriarchal customs and clothes here. They mainly engaged in fishing, hunting, and performing exchange operations. Agricultural production in their environment was unpopular. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. in the Old Believers Chobruchi there was a Cossack regiment of Tihovsky. And although Nekrasovtsy were forced to put up with the Black Sea residents' dwelling, the Cossacks not only did not oppress them, but also acted as defenders. True, the Old Believers, making up a fairly large and organized group, could well stand up for themselves and played a prominent role in the hostilities of 1787-1791. In 1795, 634 Russian serf peasants replenished the village, which drastically changes the ethnic composition of Chobruch. "At the end of the 18th century, under pressure from the Russian administration and the local population, a significant part of the Old Believers moved beyond the Danube. Some of them, going down the Dniester, founded an independent settlement Mayaki (now Odessa region) .In the middle of the XIX century, according to church records, only 17 Nekrasovs remained in the village. Perhaps they appeared in Chobruch as a result of re-emigration from behind the Danube in the first decades of the XIX century. By the end of the century, the Old Believers were completely assimilated by alien Moldavians, Little Russians, Russians who professed official Orthodoxy. In the middle of the 18th century, refugees from the Dniester and Prut, as well as Serbs ("serving peaks-ners") descendants military settlers. According to church records, at the end of the 18th century, 600–700 people (170 yards) lived in Chobruchi. Chobruches were equal to Sloe-Bodsee in the number of inhabitants from all left-bank Lower Dniester villages and were two or three times as high as Glynoe, Koratnoe Nez vertaylovku, Karagash, Souclin. In the middle of the XIX century, more than 2 thousand people lived in the village, of which Ukrainians made up more than 50%, Moldovans - 45%. At that time, the division into the “Moldovan” (western) and “Russian” (eastern) parts, which was traditional for many Transnistrian villages, took shape. In Chobruchi, the “Moldavian” part is twice as large as the “Russian”, both in terms of area and number of inhabitants. This conditional section runs along the modern Lenin street. The ethnic composition of the Chobruch population has significantly changed - to the Moldovans, Ukrainians, Russians who were traditionally living here, the Germans, the Bulgarians, the Gypsies. Especially a lot of Jews arrived here - about two dozen families.

In 1859, there were 2,123 inhabitants in the village who lived in 457 yards. In 1866, the population did not change, but the number of yards was significantly less - 284. In the second half of the XIX century. the number of inhabitants doubles. So, in 1896 in the village Chobruchi of the Slobodzeya volost of the Tiraspol district of the Kherson province there were 880 yards, 4,989 inhabitants (2,432 men and 2,557 women). An Orthodox church operated here, a school for 105 students worked. Chobruchan served 4 wine shops, in the year there were 26 market days. According to the census of 1897, that is, a year later, 5122 people lived in the village.

Unfortunately, there are very few facts about the life of the village in the period from 1573 to 1773. It is known that in the XVII — XVIII centuries. Chobruchans were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, tillage, cattle breeding. The most common types of crafts were pottery, furrier and weaving, as well as basket weaving and binding brooms. Nevertheless, during this period the left-bank villages "... were so poor that even the churches that existed in them were plagued."

By the beginning of the XIX century. there was a strong peasant community. In 1820, there were 197 households in the village, whose inhabitants contained 205 horses and 442 cows. Chobruchans grew grain, vegetables and melons, were engaged in gardening, breeding poultry and livestock, were still keen on hunting, fishing, and various crafts were held in high esteem. The variety of economic activities was due to the exceptionally favorable natural resources - lowland landscapes, soil fertility, proximity of irrigation sources and the richness of Dniester fluffy birds, animals and fish.

Tillage - the main area of ​​economic activity of Chobruchan - was originally extensive. The agrarian development of difficult to work virgin chernozem proceeded quite hard, because the state of agricultural technology did not allow to effectively use the full potential of fertility of local soils. On the one hand, it was necessary to drain nearby estuaries, and on the other, only 3-4 versts from the Dniester were virgin black soil that needed good irrigation, but were not available for irrigation. Chobruchans grew millet, arnaut wheat, rye, corn, barley, oats. The cultivation of grain threatened periodic droughts and locust invasions. The main force was oxen and horses.

Until the middle of the XIX century. the land was plowed mostly by plowing, then gradually it was driven out by the plow. In 1866, the village had 8511 dessiatinas of land, including 663 dessiatines under the estate, 4468 under arable land, −1579 under pastures, and 457 dessiatines under haymaking. In the 60-70-ies. in order to process remote fallow lands, part of the Chobruchan was relocated to the Novo-Chob-rusky farm (part of the modern village of Pervomaisk). In the second half of the XIX century. natives of Chobruch founded the agrarian colony of New Chobruchi to the north of the railway station Razdelnaya (Odessa region of Ukraine).

In the last decade of the XIX century. The region was subject to frequent droughts that led to crop failures, cattle mortality, famine and epidemics. The rural community was forced to borrow grain from the Tiraspol zemstvo. Zemstvo aid, which amounted to 2607 pounds of spring wheat, 3881 pounds of rye, 2646 oats, 6208 corn, allowed not only to save Chobruchan from starvation, but also to create seed fund for future crop rotations. And yet with the debt had to pay hard and long.

The main item of income chobruchan was fruit trading. Apple and pear trees, quinces, apricots, plums, cherries, cherries, and mulberries were fruitful in private and public gardens. The main textile culture was hemp - the leading raw material for the production of linen. The village stood out prosperous viticulture and winemaking.

Flooded land between Turunchuk and Dniester did not open and retained the value of rural fishing grounds. Flooded forests in 1866 occupied 461 dessiatinas of rural land. In the swamps of Turunchuk and Dniester in riparian forests and thickets of reeds, Chobruchans hunted boars, deer, deer, hares, muskrats, pheasants, partridges, quails, ducks, geese, herons and other commercial species of animals and birds. In the Dniester and its numerous channels, they caught beluga, sturgeon, sterlet, carp, catfish, eel, bream, asp, carp, sabrefish, herring, roach, crucian, and ram.

Handicraft industries also developed in the village, especially weaving baskets of wicker and willow; Weaving, making brooms and barrels were common. There were seven windmills, churns, salotopni, smokehouses, wool cabins, distilleries.

The village led the trade and exchange of agricultural products and crafts with the right-bank villages of Chobruchi, Talmazy, Raskaets, Purcari, Gradinitsa, Kopanka, as well as with Tiraspol and with the neighboring villages of Glinoi, Nezavayterailovka, Slobozia, Karagash, Sukolya. Chobruchans traded in butter, cheese, cheese, bacon, skins, sturgeon and beluga caviar, grain, wine, oxen, sheep, horses. So Chobruchi, located near the convenient crossing across the Dniester, in the XVIII century turned into an important point of transit trade. The Chobruch ferry was intensively used by both the villagers and the residents of the neighboring villages. Its owners G. Kuzenko and A. Kuperman received from him up to 60 rubles in silver annually. A special place in the Chobruch trade was occupied by German settlements in the valley of the river Kuchurgan - the so-called “Tyrg-la-Neamt”. Food was mainly supplied there, and tiles, pots, linen and other handicraft items were purchased.

In the XX century, the ethnic composition of the population has not changed significantly. However, it should be noted some internationalization and ethnic consolidation of the inhabitants of the village, which was manifested in the interpenetration of folklore, customs, and life of various peoples. The centuries-old process of ethnic mixing has led to the fact that in the Moldovan families to this day there are Russian and Ukrainian surnames, and vice versa, and the Moldovan and Russian languages ​​have become commonplace. The division of the village into “Russian” and “Moldavian” parts became a more than conditional anachronism.

During the XX century. The population of the village changed periodically. If in the 20-30s, 6.0-6.3 thousand people lived here, in 1940 the number of Chobruchians reached 6.6 thousand. After World War II, less than 2 thousand inhabitants remained in the village. About 320 villagers died on the fronts of the war, in the occupation, from hunger and disease (in the materials of the Museum of Military and Labor Glory, only 213 names of both the dead and the liberators of the village are mentioned). Hundreds of families fleeing the advancing German-Romanian forces scattered in the southern regions of Ukraine.

In the mid 40s Chobruchans returned to their native village. The birth rate and life expectancy is gradually increasing, mortality is decreasing. As of August 1, 1949, there were 5496 inhabitants in Chobru-chakh, of which 4545 are Moldovans (83%), 742 Ukrainians, 151 Russians ?. In 1953, 5.7 thousand people already lived in Chobruchi, in 1970 - 8.5 thousand, in 1979 - 8.2, in 1989 - 7.9, in 1995 - 8 , 1, in 2000 - 8.0, in 2005 - about 7.9 thousand inhabitants38. During the second half of the twentieth century. the village was becoming more internationalized. Today, Moldovans make up 64% of the population, Ukrainians - about 20%, Russians - 13%. Bulgarians, Germans, Georgians and representatives of other nationalities also live in the village.

The last census was held in 2004. According to her data, the population of the village was 7176 people. ^[one]

National composition:

Moldovans - 6214 people

Russian - 436 people.

Ukrainians −457 people

Bulgarians - 16 people.

Belarus -11 people.

Gagauz - 9 people.

Germans - 4 people.

The Chobruchans carefully preserve their traditions in which Moldovan, Ukrainian and Russian motifs are intertwined. Among the most important rural holidays are weddings, weddings, cumatrias, farewell to the army, christenings, the Church of the village. Some rural customs are rooted in the distant 18th century. Especially curious is the custom of cleaning the well: the masters put a bottle of wine in it, which is removed during the next cleaning.

The history of public education in the village of Chobruchi is interesting and complex. In 1877, a single-class ministerial school opened here39. According to school records, in the 1892/93 school year, 66 boys and 10 girls were engaged in it. In the same year, an elementary school opened, which was attended by 30 children, and two years later, the diocesan school, 41 children studied there. In 1903, the elementary school was transformed into another parish school. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, two parochial schools operated in the village - Moldovan and Russian. With an increase in the population of the village, the number of students increased. So, in 1913, 137 children were enrolled in a ministerial school, and in 1914 in diocesan −145. In total, in Chobruchi in 1915, there were 690 school-age children, but only 234 of them attended school.

In the 20s-30s of the 20th century, in the period of liquidation of illiteracy of the population, several Moldovan, Russian, and Ukrainian incomplete-secondary schools worked in the village, where elementary reading, counting, writing skills were written by almost 90% of illiterate villagers. School classes were often located in dilapidated buildings located in different parts of the village.

Until 1953, Chobruchans, who wanted to get a full secondary education, were forced to study in the schools of the villages of Glinoe and Slobozia. But after opening in the former building of the office of the united collective farm named. CM. Budenny Secondary School No. 2, the villagers no longer traveled to neighboring villages. Rural authorities attached great importance to education, no wonder one of the main streets of Chobruch is called “School”. In 1969, Secondary School No. 2 moved to a new typical building and became a Moldovan-Russian - in it, pupils of incomplete-secondary Russian and Moldovan schools completed their studies.

In the new school, a local history museum of the village was opened, which houses exhibits reflecting the peasant life of the 19th century, documents from the period of collectivization, photographic materials, personal belongings and busts of participants in the Great Patriotic War, books of Memory. The initiator of the creation of the museum was a teacher and ethnographer I. A. Chernov41. (Today the museum has been launched, since it needs funding and a separate building.) In 1974, a branch of the Slobodzia Music School was opened. Currently, there are three secondary schools in the village - one Russian and two Moldavian.

Historically, the spiritual and cultural life of the village was concentrated in the temple. Built at the beginning of the XIX century and consecrated on the Protection of the Mother of God, the church was small but beautiful. It was located in the center of the old part of the village at the intersection of modern S. Lazo and Komsomolskaya streets. Chobruchans gave it the name "Old." The temple played not only a cult, but also an economic role in the life of the village. Parish priests owned horses, cattle, poultry, arable land (in the Red Beam), and orchards. Their homes housed a church library. The church kept records of births, baptisms, weddings, deaths, and other important events in rural life. In fact, this is where the story of Chobruchi village was written.

In the 10-20s of the 20th century construction of a new rural church of the Kazan Mother of God was going on, but in 1931-1932. the church was destroyed. At the end of 1935, the Old Church was closed. At Christmas, the cross and the bells were removed from it, and in March they began to break down the walls. All church books and temple property was burned - so the history of the village perished in the fire. Residents of some other villages - Suklei, Karagash, Parkan, Slobodzey district, managed to somehow protect their temples from defilement and destruction in those terrible years. During the German-Romanian occupation, the church was temporarily housed in a collective farm club building. After the war, in 1945, an ordinary residential building along Naberezhnaya Street was converted into a church. But in 1957, the improvised church was closed, and until the mid-90s Chobruchi remained without a temple.

In 1990, at the initiative of the villagers, the parish council of the Russian Orthodox Church was created, which took up the establishment of an Orthodox cross at the entrance to Chobruchi, preparing the territory of a rural cemetery for the construction of a bell tower and church. For seven years, at the intersection of Peace and Friendship, a magnificent building of the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin was erected, which the Chobruchane called “New.” The decoration and painting of the interior of the temple continues to this day.

Prewar 1911-1913 were fruitful. The village was rich in trade in grain, fruits, vegetables, livestock, horses. In the early years of the war, climatic conditions generally favored the gathering of high yields. In 1917-1919 in the period of anarchy and economic disruption, Chobruchans actively cut down floodplain forests. Revolutionary upheavals, banditry, confiscations, frequent changes of power, civil strife, repression led the country, and with it the village to economic decline.

In the 20s of XX century. The socio-economic life of Chobruche is changing abruptly. Collective farms, artels, communes, joint tillage partnerships are being created. The first collective farm formed in the village was the Free Moldavian. Like the other joint enterprises created at that time, he was extremely poor. Collectivization took place along with the dekulakization, which was often unjustified. In the mid-1930s, dozens of wealthy Chob-Ruch families fled from repression to Bessarabia.

In 1941, the successful economic development of the village was interrupted by the war and the German-Romanian occupation. The Chobruch collective farms fell into the sphere of the predatory interests of the Romanian-German Joint-Stock Company Khartikola, the Romanian cartel Ofaul, and the German Joint-Stock Company Solagra. They were engaged in mass confiscations of grain and livestock, and also tried to reorganize the agricultural production for the needs of the army. During this period, Chobruchans paid more than 30 different taxes. They were attracted to the construction and repair of roads, procurement of firewood, transportation of food and military goods. In the end, agricultural production fell into complete decay. Immediately after the release of Chobruch in April 1944, its restoration began. In 1946-1947 a terrible famine struck the edge. People ate fallen cattle, river mollusks, fern roots. Overcoming the consequences of post-war devastation and famine went slowly. It was only by the beginning of the 1950s that the collective farms had managed to exceed the pre-war production figures. By this time there were six collective farms in the village: four rich — Moldova Sochi-leaf, Krasny Partizan, them, V. I. Lenin, them. K. Voroshilova - and two poor - to them. Petrovsky and "10 years of Soviet Moldavia", which in 1953 were merged into one collective farm. V.I. Lenin. Formed farm specialized in the production of vegetables, fruits, grains, sunflower, grapes, milk, meat. The collective farm had almost 8 thousand hectares of cultivated land. More than 40% of agricultural land was occupied by orchards, 50% - arable land, less than 10% - hayfields and pastures. In the 70-80s, the collective farm mastered 650–700 hectares of land for fruit orchards, another 450–500 hectares were set aside for vineyards. More than 300 hectares were occupied by tomatoes and other vegetable crops, almost 1500 hectares - under wheat, corn, other grains, another 500 hectares are reserved for sunflower.

In the mid-60s, the collective farm. V.I. Lenin becomes a millionaire. Ten years later, its gross output amounted to more than 5 million rubles, commodity production - more than 4 million rubles, and by the beginning of the 80s it exceeded 15 million and 13.5 million rubles, respectively. More than 3/4 of the cost of goods sold accounted for fruits and vegetables. The collective farm entered the top ten richest farms of the Moldavian SSR. His board competently and effectively disposed of the profit, investing it in the agricultural production and social infrastructure of the village.

In the 1960s-1980s, the material and technical base of the collective farm was strengthened. Workshops, warehouses, garages, greenhouses, land-reclamation systems are being built (in the mid-70s the collective farm irrigates more than 3 thousand hectares of land, and in the mid-80s - almost 5 thousand hectares), barns, pig farms, stables, field mills, unpaved roads, a pontoon bridge over Turunchuk, ferries across the Dniester and Turunchuk, vegetable and fruit processing shops, asphalt and bread factories, tare base. Work was carried out on the extraction of sand, rubble, gravel north of the village, in the Krasnaya gully.

After a catastrophic flood that occurred in 1969, part of the lands of the Chobruch collective farm were transferred to the Memory of Ilyich inter-collective farm.

The old, narrow, crooked and tangled streets of the village - Matrosova, Komsomolskaya, the beginning of Lazo, Kirov, Pobedy, May 1, Sadovaya streets - form the historical center of Chobruch. In the XVII — XVIII centuries. they were built up with huts or adobe houses with reed-covered roofs. To this day, mud huts have remained in the village, whose walls were erected from willow or poplar woven poles, covered with clay on top and bleached with lime. Taverns and a post office worked here, the Old Church, the Lower (Old), or Russian, cemetery (between the streets of Lazo and Pobedy), which Chobruchan in the XVIII — XIX centuries, operated. called "Hundred Graves". At the end of the 18th century, Verkhneo (Old), or Moldavian, cemetery was discovered. Today, a stadium has been built on the site of the former Lower Cemetery, and a department store has been built on the site of the Upper Cemetery.

With Tiraspol, the village was tied up with three ways: the first one passed along the streets of Naberezhnaya-Pushkin towards Slobodzei; the second is from Pionerskaya Street to Lenin Street in Slobodzei; the third included departure from the village to the Tiraspol-Nezaveer-tilovka road. The first route is now the shortest field road to the “Russian” part of Slobodzei, the second became the main exit to the Tiraspol-Dnestrovsk highway towards Slobodzei, and the third — the so-called “White Road” —walks along the Zhepshi tract to the Glynoe tract .

In the XVIII century. The village expands to the north and west, in the XIX century - to the northeast along the “White Road *” and continues to grow in the north and west. The main planning axes along which the construction of houses was carried out were the former roads. In the 60-70s, the territory of Chobruch doubled compared with the end of the XVIII century. In the last decade of the XIX century. rural quarters came to the modern streets of Chapaev and October 25, and soon the western outskirts of the village came close to the Simon Lak estuary. The chobruchi, clamped on three sides by the estuaries and the Dniester, acquired a compact configuration and then began to expand mainly in the northern direction.

In the 20-30s of XX century. the construction of the banks of drained estuaries begins. Construction continues to the north and west. The northern outskirts of the village at the end of the 20s reached No. 109, Frunze Street, which has survived to this day. In 1929, a rural cemetery was moved here, which became Moldovan-Russian and was named * Severnoe ».

Ten years later, the authorities of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic decided to redevelop the largest villages. So Chobruchi received a regular rectangular quarterly layout. New broad and straight streets were built - Lenin, Pobeda, May 1, Kotovsky, Druzhba, Gagarin, Frunze. The main street (Lenina Street) crosses the village from north to south and goes down to the Dniester.

In the postwar period, a master plan was developed for the reconstruction of the village in order to turn it into an agro-city. The foundations of the Chobruchey community center were laid by architects V. P. Aleksandrov and I. S. Eltman . Later on, sculptor DK Rodin took a decisive part in this project. Important proposals for the reconstruction and development of the community center of the village were made by K. A. Baranov, I. D. Vasilaty, M. A. Osipov. Their joint efforts created a harmonious architectural ensemble, dominated by the majestic building of the Palace of Culture with beautiful reliefs, as well as a monument to VI Lenin and the building of the village council.

In 1958, on the left side of Lenin Street, on the initiative of DK Rodin, a park was laid - chobruchan pride. Rocks, ponds with Dniester lilies and swans, grottoes, bridges, sculptural compositions, a gazebo-rotunda, alleys and flower beds planted with ornamental trees, bushes and flowers are located on a small plot of land. In 1982, the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements announced the All-Union Competition for the best park of culture and recreation. The exhibition featured 1,650 parks in the country, of which four were the winners: a recreation park to them. Gorky (Moscow), the park of the city of Domodedovo (Moscow region), Yalta park and the park of the village Chobruchi. The winners received first-degree diplomas and gold medals. D.K. Rodin was awarded the honorary title "Honored Worker of Culture of the Moldavian SSR", was awarded two medals of the Exhibition of National Economy Achievements and a government award. No wonder the rural recreation park bears the name of this remarkable sculptor. And despite the current deplorable state of the park, newlyweds from the surrounding villages, as in former times, come to take pictures today against the backdrop of this beautiful corner of Chobruch.

In the 1960s and 1980s, residential buildings for collective farm specialists, doctors and teachers, as well as schools, food warehouses, shops, pharmacies, baths, a hospital, a hotel, consumer services workshops, and a telephone station were built in the village. The doors of the village council, libraries, Museum of military and labor glory, nursery and kindergarten, House of Life, House of Science, kolkhoz government were opened, a stadium was built (for 2 thousand seats), a sports complex (which had no analogues in those years in the villages , but also of the whole USSR), one of the best discos in Moldova, a summer stage and the Green Theater, a recreation area on the bank of the Dniester is equipped. In the 70s water pipelines were laid, mine wells were equipped, artesian wells were drilled. Chobruchans remember the opening of the monument to the soldiers who liberated the village from the Nazi invaders, and fellow villagers who died during the Great Patriotic War.

Until the middle of the XX century. the streets of the village were earthen. Later the streets of Lenin and Gagarin were covered with gravel, then Kotovsky, Druzhba and Oktyabrskaya streets. By 1970, they asphalted Lenin Street and exit onto the Tiraspol-Dnestrovsk highway. Buses run through the streets of Lenin, Gagarin, Gogol, Friendship. In the 1990s, Gagarin and Druzhba streets were covered with asphalt, as well as the Chobruchi-Pervomaisk field road. In 1990, work began on the gasification of the village, which were mainly completed in 1994-1996.

Today, the territory of Chobruchy is 642 hectares, here there are almost 2.8 thousand houses, in which 7.9 thousand people live. About 2 thousand outside the country to earn money. This is one of the largest villages of not only Slobodzeya district, but also of Transnistria, which has a high socio-economic potential. The economic crisis led in the late 90s to the collapse of the collective farm. V.I. Lenin. In the village, as, incidentally, throughout Transnistria of those years, new market relations took root painfully. In these years, on the basis of the former collective farm. Lenin established rental farms "Golden Niva" and "Ogorodnik", whose names speak of the specialization of these agricultural enterprises.

In 2002, the Turunchuk public ecological center was opened in the rural Palace of Culture, serving the eponymous ichthyological reserve. It conducts research in the field of ecology and biodiversity conservation in the Lower Dniester. The options for creating an archaeological park in the vicinity of the village are promising, but they will require significant state funding. Local material and financial reserves are being sought for the reconstruction of the Palace of Culture, the Park to them. DK Homeland and the Restoration of the Museum of History of the Village.

Changing appearance Chobruchey. The stratification of its inhabitants into more and less well-to-do ones is clearly visible through the 2-3-storey mansions of the first and modest little houses of the second. Villagers are increasingly selling agricultural products in the markets of Gliny, Slobodzei, Tiraspol, seeking new directions of economic activity, opening private shops, shops, workshops, bars, mini-plants. I want to believe that Chobruchan’s diligence, complemented by commercial ingenuity, will allow the village to get out of the crisis and open new horizons of socio-economic development.

- Ls53 12:57, February 19, 2010 (UTC)

On the right bank of the Lower Dniester, the archeologists discovered the Chobruchi site, which is one of the most recent complexes of the late Paleolithic in Transnistria ^[2] .