USSR Ministry of the Interior

1946-1960

On March 15, 1946 , the V session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Law on the Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR into the Council of Ministers of the USSR , and of the People’s Commissariats into ministries. The NKVD of the USSR was transformed into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs) . Corresponding changes to the Constitution of the USSR were introduced only on February 25, 1947 ^[2] .

In January 1947 , by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, internal troops from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs were transferred to the Ministry of State Security . Border troops, escort units and troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the protection of industrial facilities and railways remain subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. The process of removing the power component from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR begins, by 1953 , the Ministry of Internal Affairs remains camps, departments and enterprises of industrial and economic activities (construction, geological exploration, mining, forestry, etc.):

• In August 1947 , a resolution was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, according to which the Department of Government Communications and the Office of the Government Communications Troops are transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of State Security of the USSR.
• March 13, 1948 , in accordance with the amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR, the Ministry of the Interior of the RSFSR was formed (ministries of the interior of other union and autonomous republics existed before.)
• In April 1948 , units for the protection of critical industrial facilities of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs were transferred to the USSR Ministry of State Security.
• In October 1949 , in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 13, 1949 , the Military-Construction Directorate, the Main Directorate of Border Troops (GUUPV) and parts of the border troops, the Main Directorate of Police (criminal investigation department, OBXSS , police) were transferred to the Ministry of State Security of the USSR .
• In March 1949 , according to a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, from 3 special departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the State Depository of Values ​​was transferred to the MGB, on the basis of which the Special Department (Gokhran) of the MGB of the USSR was organized.
• In July 1950 , the Special Conference and the Main Directorate for Operational Investigation (the fight against banditry) were transferred from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of State Security of the USSR.

After the death of I.V. Stalin at a joint meeting of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on March 5, a decision was made to merge the Ministry of State Security of the USSR and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR into one Ministry - the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR ^[1] . The relevant laws were adopted on March 15, 1953 ^{[3] [4]} . L.P. Beria was appointed Minister of the Interior of the USSR and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

During this period, the Ministry of Internal Affairs took a number of steps aimed at mitigating the existing punitive policy and bringing the activities of special services in line with legal norms. So, a number of major cases of the early 50s were revised and falsified. (“The case of doctors ”, “ Mingrel case ”), in March 1953, with the aim of relieving the Ministry of Internal Affairs of its production and business functions unusual for it, the camp directorates of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were transferred to the Presidium under the supervision of the 1st Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and branch ministries The Central Committee of the CPSU sent notes “On the abolition of passport restrictions” and “On the restriction of the rights of the Special Meeting at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR”. By order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs No. 0068 of April 4, 1953, any measures of coercion and physical influence during the investigation were categorically prohibited ^[1] .

In March 1953 , in connection with the liberation of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs from production and economic activities from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, more than 21 divisions were transferred to other ministries and departments. The Central Directorate of Camps , the Directorate of Children's Colonies, and Correctional and Labor Institutions ^[5] were also transferred to the Ministry of Justice of the USSR , with the exception of those containing prisoners convicted of state crimes.

June 26, 1953 Kruglov Sergey Nikiforovich was again appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

On September 1, 1953 , by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Special Meeting under the Minister of the Interior was abolished.

On January 21, 1954 , by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Main Directorate of Camps (GULag) and the Directorate of Children's Colonies (UDC) were again transferred from the USSR Ministry of Justice to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, as of April 1, 1954 , there were 1 million 360 thousand prisoners in the Gulag. Of these, 448 thousand people were serving sentences for counter-revolutionary crimes, and about 680 thousand for serious crimes. Among the prisoners, almost 28% were young people under 25 years old.

On February 10, 1954, the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee adopted a decision on the separation of state security bodies from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR as an independent department - the State Security Committee. On March 13, 1954 , by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the State Security Committee (KGB) was formed under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and Serov Ivan Aleksandrovich, former First Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, was appointed Chairman. The police remained in the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.

On January 31, 1956 , Nikolai Pavlovich Dudorov was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

On October 25, 1956 , the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On measures to improve the work of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs." The bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were reorganized into directorates (departments) of internal affairs of the executive committees of the Soviets. Thus, the system of dual subordination was revived: to local Soviets and higher bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

On January 13, 1960, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. S. Khrushchev signed Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 48, which recorded the following: “The Council of Ministers of the USSR decides: to recognize that it is expedient to abolish the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, transferring it to the ministries of internal affairs of the Union republics. Submit to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR a draft Decree on this issue ” ^[6] . On the same day, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR K. Ye. Voroshilov signed two decrees: on the abolition of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs ^[7] and on the transformation of the Main Archival Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs into the Main Archival Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

In a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1960 , "On measures related to the abolition of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs," the following was said:

• Abolish the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs: Main Directorate of Police (GUM), Main Directorate of Detention Places (formerly GULAG), Main Directorate of Fire Protection, Main Directorate of Internal and Convoy Troops, Main Directorate of Military Supply, Office of Personnel, Office of Educational Institutions, Khozu, Financial -planned management, Military-mobilization department, 2 special departments, Department of children's colonies, Department of capital construction, Legal department, Transportation department, General accounting and the Secretariat of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
• Submit to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR: 1 and 3 special departments.
• Transform the Main Archival Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs into the Main Archival Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
• Transfer the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the USSR Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources.
• Transfer the Field Communications Department from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the USSR Ministry of Communications.
• Transfer the Headquarters of the local air defense of the country from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the USSR Ministry of Defense.
• Transfer the Department for the search for persons who have lost contact with relatives to the GUM of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs under the authority of the Executive Committee of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the USSR.
• To transfer the group of the passport department of the State Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR for registration, registration and registration of permits for traveling abroad and entering the USSR to the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR ^[6] .

In the minutes of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 14 dated April 19, 1960, the following entry was made: “Consider the activities of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs from May 1, 1960 as discontinued. To complete work on the transfer of property and employment of employees who have been freed from work in connection with the abolition of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, to form a working group of 70 people with a deadline by June 15, 1960 to approve KP Chernyaev as the head of the group ” ^[6] .

On May 7, 1960 , a law was passed on the abolition of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs; its functions were transferred to the ministries of internal affairs of the Union republics ^[8] .

In the order of the head of the liquidation group of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs K.P. Chernyaev No. 429 dated August 11, 1960, the following was written: “First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A.I. Mikoyan on August 9, 1960 at my report to the Council of Ministers of the USSR , in which it was reported in detail that all cases related to the liquidation of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs had been completed, a resolution was imposed: “Take note”. In accordance with this, I order the work of the liquidation group of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs to be considered completed on August 15, 1960. ” ^[6]

The history of the Union-Republican department (NKVD, Ministry of Internal Affairs), which almost completely controlled the life of the Soviet state, was interrupted for six years.

Ministry of Public Order Protection (MOOP)

On July 26, 1966 , by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the Creation of the Union-Republican Ministry of Public Order Protection of the USSR”, centralized police control was restored on a national scale (MOOP USSR). After 8 days, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the re-establishment of the union law enforcement agency ^[9] . The activities of the police were regulated by the Regulation on Soviet Police of August 17, 1962. ^[10]

On December 23, 1966 , the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR abolished the Ministry of Public Order Protection of the RSFSR in connection with the assignment of its functions to the USSR MOOP. (The ministries of public order in other union republics and autonomous republics continued to exist.)

1968-1990

On November 25, 1968 , the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Decree “On the renaming of the Ministry of Public Order of the USSR to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR”. On December 13, the Supreme Council of the USSR approved this decision ^[11] . Similar decisions were made in the Union and autonomous republics of the USSR. In addition to the formal change of name, the police were reorganized, political agencies were created, various types of military guards were combined into internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. These events lasted until February 1969, when the new structure of the Ministry was announced and the transformation of internal troops was completed ^[10] .

In the early 70's. The regulatory framework has been significantly updated. Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 452 of June 16, 1972 approved the Regulation on the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 385 of June 8, 1973 - Regulation on Soviet militia, valid until 1991 by Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of 8 On June 1973, the basic duties and rights of the Soviet police in the protection of public order and the fight against crime were determined ^[10] .

On October 27, 1989 , the Ministry of the Interior of the RSFSR was re-formed.

USSR collapse

On March 6, 1991, the new USSR Law On Soviet Police was adopted. An important milestone in the history of Soviet law enforcement agencies was the adoption of the USSR as an Interpol member at the 59th session of the Interpol General Assembly, which was held in Ottawa on October 1-3, 1990. On January 1, 1991, the National Central Bureau (NCB) was established as part of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs Interpol ^[10] .

On November 28, 1991, by Decree of the President of the USSR, a new Provisional Regulation on the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was approved, but it did not manage to enter into force before the collapse of the USSR ^[10] .

Latvian SSR

During the collapse of the USSR in May 1990, the Latvian SSR announced its secession from the USSR . To restore constitutional order in the union republic, the Riga OMON , subordinate to Moscow, seized strategic targets in Riga and disarmed the local branch of the Latvian Ministry of Internal Affairs ^{[to clarify ]} .

RSFSR (Russia)

On August 18, 1991, "To preserve the constitutional order and integrity of the USSR," at the initiative of the chairman of the KGB and top officials of the government of the USSR, the State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP) of the USSR was formed, which also included the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR B. K. Pugo . Troops and tanks were brought into Moscow. Due to his indecisive actions before the massive anti-Soviet and anti-communist demonstrations (mainly in Moscow), the State Emergency Committee was defeated and self-dissolved on August 21. On August 22, B.K. Pugo committed suicide ^[12] . On August 29, Colonel General V.P. Barannikov, Minister of the Interior of the RSFSR, became the last Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR ^[13] . For some time he combined the leadership of the Union and Russian ministries, then on September 13, 1991 he was relieved of his post in the government of the RSFSR, which was taken by his deputy A.F. Dunaev .

By decree of the President of the RSFSR of October 20, 1991, all formations of the Internal Troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs deployed on the territory of the RSFSR were adopted under the jurisdiction of the RSFSR and were subordinate to the republican Ministry of the Interior ^[14] .

On December 8, the presidents of the RSFSR and Ukraine and the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Byelorussian SSR signed the Bialowieza Agreement on the termination of the USSR and the creation of the CIS.

On December 19, President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin signed a decree of the Russian government on the termination of the activities of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs on the territory of the Russian Federation. According to this document, the Minister of the Interior of the RSFSR was instructed to carry out acceptance of buildings and structures, material and technical base, weapons and other property, financial resources and staff of the abolished Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR before December 25 ^[15] . All bodies, institutions and organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in Russia were transferred under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation with their inclusion in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

On December 26, 1991 , the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (formed by the Law of the USSR of 05.09.1991 No. 2392-I, but not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR) adopted Declaration No. 142-N on the termination of the USSR in connection with the formation of the CIS.

Azerbaijan SSR

The bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR took an active part in attempts to end the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict that arose in the late 80s. At the same time, the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR took a direct part, together with the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, in maintaining and maintaining order in this region and in the fight against separatism. Employees of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs from other regions of the country (mainly from the RSFSR), including employees of the Moscow GAI, were also sent to Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1990, riot police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR were created. However, in connection with the August events of 1991 in Moscow, the degradation of the union authorities, the constitutional act “On State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan” was adopted, after which on October 18, 1991, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan left the subordination of the union Ministry of Internal Affairs and began to function as relevant department of the Azerbaijan Republic.

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  Badge 50 years of the OBKhSS Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR

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  "For excellent service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR"

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  " Excellent student of the police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR"

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  "Honored Precinct Police Inspector " of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs

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  70 years of criminal investigation of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs

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  Transport Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR

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  “For Distinction in Service”, Internal Troops
  USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs

• The Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (Moscow) - now the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

Internal Troops

• The Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Novosibirsk Military Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after Army General I.K. Yakovlev
• Ordzhonikidze Higher Military Command Red Banner College of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs named after S.M. Kirova - The North Caucasian Military Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation was disbanded in 2011
• The Perm Higher Military Command School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Perm Military Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Saratov Higher Military Command Red Banner School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky - now the Saratov Military Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Kharkov Higher Military School of Logistics of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs - now the National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine
• The Tashkent Higher Military Technical School of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Tashkent Higher Military Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan
• The Higher Political School of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs named after the 60th anniversary of the Komsomol (Leningrad) - now the St. Petersburg Military Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

Fire Protection

• Higher Engineering Fire and Technical School of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (Moscow) - now the Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia
• The Leningrad Higher Fire and Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia
• Ivanovo Fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR
• Irkutsk Fire-Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR
• Sverdlovsk Fire and Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR

Ukrainian SSR

• Lviv Fire and Technical School of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs
• Kharkov Fire and Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR
• Cherkasy fire-technical school of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR

Uzbek SSR

• Tashkent Fire and Technical School of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs

Kazakh SSR

• Alma-Ata fire-technical school of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs

Higher Schools of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

• The Volgograd Higher Police School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Higher Correspondence School of Law of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Moscow ) - now Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Gorky Higher Police School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Moscow Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Omsk Higher Police School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• The Ryazan Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Academy of Law and Management of the Federal Penitentiary Service
• The Tyumen Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Tyumen Institute for Advanced Studies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Ufa Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Khabarovsk Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

Ukrainian SSR

• USSR Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the National Academy of Internal Affairs of Ukraine

Belorussian SSR

• USSR Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus

Uzbek SSR

• The Tashkent Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Kazakh SSR

• The Karaganda Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Karaganda Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after Barimbek Beisenov

General Directorate for the Execution of Sentences

• The Barnaul Secondary Specialized School for the Training of the Commanding Staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - now the Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Vladimir Secondary Special School for the Training of the Commanding Staff of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs
• Vologda secondary special school for the training of commanding staff of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs
• Rostov secondary special school for the training of commanding staff of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs

Ukrainian SSR

• Lviv Secondary Special School for the Training of the Commanding Staff of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs - now the Lviv State University of Internal Affairs

Kazakh SSR

• Shymkent secondary special school for the training of commanding staff of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs

Lithuanian SSR

• Vilnius secondary special school for the training of the commanding staff of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs named after Yu.Yu. Bartashyunas

Police

• Astrakhan police special secondary school
• Belgorod Secondary Special Police School
• Bryansk Secondary Special Police School
• Voronezh Secondary Special Police School
• Elabuga Secondary Special Police School
• Kaliningrad Secondary Special Police School - now the Kaliningrad Branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Krasnodar police special secondary school
• Krasnoyarsk police special secondary school
• Leningrad Secondary Special Police School
• Moscow Secondary Special Police School
• Nizhny Tagil Secondary Special Police School
• Novosibirsk Secondary Special Police School
• Chita police special secondary school - now Chita Suvorov Military School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• Oryol Secondary Special School of Police (popularly - School of the GAI) - now the Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

Ukrainian SSR

• Dnepropetrovsk secondary special police school
• Donetsk Secondary Special Police School
• Ivano-Frankivsk secondary special police school
• Lviv Secondary Special Police School
• Odessa Secondary Special Police School
• Kherson police special secondary school

Belorussian SSR

• Minsk Secondary Special Police School
• Mogilev secondary special school of police (transport police) - now the Mogilev Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Kazakh SSR

• Alma-Ata Secondary Special Police School - now the Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan SSR

• Baku Secondary Special Police School named after Rizaeva

Lithuanian SSR

• Kaunas Secondary Special Police School

Moldavian SSR

• Chisinau police special secondary school

Latvian SSR

• Riga Secondary Special Police School

Kyrgyz SSR

• Frunze Secondary Specialized Police School

Tajik SSR

• Dushanbe Secondary Special Police School

Turkmen SSR

• Ashgabat Secondary Special Police School

Uzbek SSR

• Tashkent Secondary Special Police School

Estonian SSR

• Tallinn Secondary Special Police School

The main network of specialized educational institutions of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs system was composed of secondary and secondary special police schools, which trained lawyers with legal secondary education in 2-3 years. Only in the Ukrainian SSR there were at least five of them: Odessa, Lviv, Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Dnipropetrovsk. True, there were secondary special police schools with a narrow specialization - in the city of Mogilev (Byelorussian SSR) there was the only secondary special police school for the entire USSR that trained specialists for the internal affairs bodies in transport.

In addition to the police, voluntary people's squads (DND), which were created at enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as on the basis of the primary Komsomol , party and trade union branches, took part in ensuring public order. The personnel of the DND consisted of party and Komsomol activists, as well as ordinary citizens.

• USSR People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs
• Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation
• USSR Internal Troops

• Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Encyclopedia / Edited by V.F. Nekrasov. - M .: Publishing House "OLMA-PRESS", 2002. - 623 p. - ISBN 5-224-03722-0 .