Chongqing

Chongqing was laid at the place where the Jialing River flows into the deep Yangtze . When the construction of the Sansia Dam was completed on May 20, 2006, the resulting reservoir reached Chongqing, which enabled large vessels to approach the city port. The location on the eastern edge of the fertile Red Basin, the rice granary of China, accelerated the growth of the city. The city is surrounded by three mountain ranges: Dabashan in the north, Wushan in the east and Dalushan in the south. Because of the hilly landscape, the area of ​​Chongqing was called the “mountain city” (Shancheng). Therefore, this is one of the few cities in China where the number of bicycles is small. It is located at an altitude of 243 meters above sea level.

To distinguish it from the whole “city of central subordination of Chongqing” (that is, an administrative unit), in relation to the city of Chongqing itself and its nearest suburbs ( settlement ; in the official Chinese system, the concept of “settlement” is not) in the local press the informal term “ main urban zone ”( Chinese ru . 主 城区 , pall .: chuchengcu ).

Chongqing borders the provinces of Hubei and Hunan in the east, Guizhou in the south, Sichuan in the west and Shaanxi in the north. 80 rivers flow through the city, suburbs and regional regions, the most significant of which are the Yangtze , Jialing , Wujiang , Fujiang , Chijiang and Daninhe .

The official borders of the city of central subordination set the territory with a length of 470 km from east to west and a width of 450 km from north to south, with a total area of ​​82,403 km², of which 1,473 km² (1.79%) are occupied by the urbanized zone, and 80,930 km² ( 98.21%) are in suburban and rural areas. In this case, one should take into account the peculiarities of territorial division adopted in China: in China there is no official concept of “settlement”, and “city of central subordination” is an administrative unit, the same as “province”. Thus, 31 districts, 8 counties and 4 autonomous counties belong to the city of central subordination to Chongqing. However, at the same time, the territory of the city of central subordination to Chongqing is not a completely built-up area with houses and roads. This is a large area equal to the area of ​​Austria.

According to the Chongqing Statistics Department, in 2017, the urbanized population amounted to 19 706 800 people, and the rural population - 11 044 800 people ^[2] .

Short and relatively mild winters and hot, high-humidity summers. From October to April, increased air humidity causes frequent thick fogs, which gave the city the nickname “Capital of Fogs” ( Chinese р уп , pall .: Udu ).

Chongqing lies in the subtropical zone. The average annual temperature is 18.2 ° C. In winter, the temperature drops to 6-8 ° C, and in summer it lies between 27 and 38 ° C. The average annual rainfall is between 1000 and 1100 mm. The most comfortable time of the year is from April to October.

It arose more than 3 thousand years ago. In ancient times, the city was the capital of the kingdom of Ba and was called Jiangzhou . The name “Chongqing” (“double triumph”) arose in 1189, when the third son of Emperor Xiao-zong became the head of the Gongzhou region, receiving the title “Prince of Gong” (恭王), and in the same year after the abdication of his father, he became emperor under the name Guan zong . In honor of this, Gongzhou was elevated in status from the "region" - zhou to the "council" - fu ; since Guang Zong this year had to celebrate his status upgrade twice (first to the prince, and then to the emperor), he ordered to rename Gongzhou to Chongqing ("governing double celebration").

In 1891, Chongqing became an open port, where customs was equipped, and there was prosperity in shipping, trade, finance, and the processing industry. Gradually, he began to play the role of a nodal point connecting the southwest of China and the upper Yangtze with the outside world.

In 1929, Chongqing was officially given the status of a city. In 1937, government agencies of the Republic of China moved here from Nanjing shortly before its occupation by Japanese troops. During the anti-Japanese war in 1937-1945 after the Japanese occupation of Nanjing, Chongqing served as the capital of the state. In 1939, Chongqing was given the status of a city directly subordinate to the Executive Yuan (government of the Republic of China). After the Kuomintang government returned to Nanjing in 1946, Chongqing remained directly subordinate to Executive Yuan.

In 1949, after the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing at one time remained a city of central subordination, in addition, it was the seat of the Southwestern Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC and the Southwestern Military-Political Committee, the political, economic and cultural center of Southwest China. Only in 1954, when the system of administrative division into large administrative regions was abolished in the country, Chongqing became a city of provincial (Sichuan) subordination.

Since 1997, Chongqing has become a city of central subordination. The city authorities are taking active measures to urbanize the region, highway construction is being carried out at the expense of state funds, and urban infrastructure is being created throughout the municipality.

Chongqing is administratively divided into 26 districts, 8 counties and 4 autonomous counties.

Chongqing is one of the largest commercial centers of China. The leading place in the city’s economy is occupied by industry. Supporting industries are: chemical, engineering and metallurgical. Chongqing, together with the cities of Shanghai , Changchun and Shiyan, is China's largest automobile manufacturing base. The city has 5 factories for the production of complete cars and more than 400 factories for the production of automotive parts. The possibility of annual production is 200 thousand cars and 3 million motorcycles. There is also a large air conditioning plant .

There are three large metallurgical enterprises in Chongqing: an aluminum processing plant, the Chongqing steelmaking corporation, and the Chongqing special steelmaking company. Chongqing produces more than 1000 chemical industrial products, including oil varnish, titanium white and others, among which the production of wood alcohol takes first place.

Villagers grow rice , tea , tangerines , tobacco and medicinal plants, and also raise pigs.

The city of central subordination has 25 bridges.

Now the city of central subordination has 25 bridges over the Yangtze River , one of them is the world's longest arch bridge Chaotianmen , built in 2009 .

Air traffic

The city has a civilian airport of the first state category, serving more than 50 international and domestic flights. Two new airports are under construction.

Railways

There are three railway lines: Chengdu-Chongqing, Hunan-Chongqing, Sichuan-Guizhou, as well as 5 branches, the total length of 537 km.

Highways

Five state highways and 17 provincial roads were laid. The movement is open at 27.2 thousand km. dear.

Water transport

Several dozens of ports and passenger and cargo berths have been built on the Yangtze, river-sea operations are being deployed through Shanghai to go abroad, and navigation for ships with a tonnage of 1 thousand tons is operational until the end of the year. The length of the navigation river lines exceeded 4 thousand km, after the completion of the construction of the Three Gorges hydroelectric complex, ships with a displacement of 10 thousand tons will be able to enter Chongqing.

Underground

Since November 6, 2004, the city has a subway. As of 2019, it consists of 2 monorail lines (2; 3) and six regular (0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 10) with a total length of 213 km, with 182 stations.

Chongqing is known as the "city in the mountains," the central part of the urban area, located between the Yangtze and Jialingjiang rivers, has a hilly relief, houses here are molded along mountain spurs, streets abruptly descend to the shore. Chongqing night has a particularly beautiful view, when the hills are colored by the numerous lights of residential buildings, and a dark sky is tilted above them, flickering stars of which seem to enter into a rivalry with earthly illumination. In the northern and southern suburbs of the city there are warm springs; in the picturesque area of ​​Jinyunshan and Nanshan mountains, a cottage settlement is divided. If you go to more remote areas of Chongqing, you will find yourself in the jungle (Jiangjin city), either in the "stone forest" (Wansheng county) or in the Ulun caves; You can also go to the high-altitude meadows in the Xiannushan Mountains, Jinfoshan Forest Park and other picturesque places. Fans of river cruises can sail the Yangtze, admire the three Sansya gorges, the canyons of the Daninhe and Xiaoninghe rivers that cut through the Wushan mountains, you can see ancient letters carved on a rapids in the middle of the Yangtze in Yunyang, the fanciful topography of the mountains in Fenzie County is high, karst grotto in the Hunchiba mountains along the Wuxi river, colorful waterfalls on the Ziyang river in the Wushan mountains, etc. After the construction of the Sansya reservoir is completed, a huge man-made “lake” with a length of 600 km will appear and an area of ​​more than 1000 km². It will become a place of tourist cruises, recreation and excursions.

• Hongyuncun Museum (8th Army Representative Office)
• The Geleshan memorial complex, where the victims of the Kuomintang concentration camps " Zhaizidong " and " Baigungguan " are buried
• former residence Chiang Kai-shek
• Zhang Zhizhong's Guiyuan Residence
• Kun Xiangxi Kunyuan Residence
• monuments of the era when Chongqing was the "second capital".

Of great artistic value are the rock bas-reliefs of Datsu - a magnificent example of cave-temple art. The Diaoyucheng fortress in Hechuan, called by the Europeans the “Eastern Mecca”, is one of the three largest strongholds for resisting a foreign invasion in the military history of ancient China. You can add to this list rock paintings in Fandu ("The Devil's City"), carved paintings on the Yangtze stone threshold in Fulin, the "heavenly staircase" in Shizhu County, the architectural and landscape ensemble of the Shibaozzhai fortress in Zhongxian County, Kumirnu Zhang Fei in Yunyang Shuanguitan Monastery in Liangping County, Baidicheng Manor, where the famous ruler Shu - Liu Bei, before his death, instructed Zhuge Liang to take care of his son, the grotto of the poet Lu Yu in Mount Wushan , and finally hanging coffins on sheer spurs.

• Sichuan University of Foreign Languages , established in May 1950 as the Russian Language School of the Southwest Military University PLA. The university teaches foreign languages, foreign and world literature, as well as law, journalism, marketing and tourism management ^[3] .

There are 43 radio stations and 7 television channels in the city and counties, there are also 41 cable channels. Radio and television coverage of the population is 85% and 75%, respectively.

• Chongqing - information about the territory, population and history of changes in the administrative-territorial division on the website 行政 区划 网(Chinese)
• City center map
• District map / Version 2 (China) (link not available) . Archived February 15, 2006.
• Large map of Chongqing region (unopened) (link not available) . Archived on November 20, 2005.
• Official site (Chinese )
• Chongqing Life Guide
• Photos of Chongqing