Bit order

With the beginning of the unification of the Russian lands around the Moscow principality , the specific princes were forced to switch to the service (not always voluntarily) to the Grand Duke. Together with them, the yards with squads that merged with the Moscow nobility moved to Moscow to guide them and take into account the Rank , which was responsible for the acquisition of the Russian rati and the administrative apparatus of the Russian state, people serving on the estate hereditary duty.

The rank clerks are mentioned in documents before 1535, another source indicates the year 1478 , where the rank clerk is mentioned in the painting of the marching governor rati Moscow to Novgorod . Therefore, the historian K.A. Nevolin attributed the emergence of discharge to the time of John III . In one of the books of the Rank , a record was kept that “in the summer of 7039 ( 1531 ), the great prince put his disgrace on Prince Ivan Vorotynskov and ordered them from Tula to clerk Afanasy Kuritsin to lead to Moscow in the Rank ”.

The historians S. M. Solovyov and M. F. Vladimirsky-Budanov believed that the order arose later than the appearance of bit clerks. In any case, the discharge order has been known in monuments since 1535 .

According to G.K. Kotoshikhin , there was a prisoner, a duma clerk, and two simple clerks , and their number in the discharge increased over time.

It conducted all sorts of military affairs , the structure and repair of fortresses , arming them and supplying garrisons ; also in relation to the service were the boyars , paramourists , duma and neighbor people , captains , solicitors and nobles of Moscow , clerks , tenants and nobles of the city , children of the boyars , Cossacks , soldiers and others. Service for them, since 1556, was legislatively enshrined in the "Service Code" and became life-long and hereditary.

In case of sending, reward or dismissal from service of any of the named officials, a decree to the Department was given about this. Here, a personal list of all service people was kept with information about their garrison and field service ( Ukrainian ).

In connection with the enlargement of the state, new (specialized) governing bodies were formed, orders Streletsky , Pushkarsky , Inozemny , Siberian , Kazan Palace and others (some were temporary), the scope of the discharge order was limited in territorial and functional relations. During wars, the functions of the order expanded significantly, through a discharge order, the government oversaw the military operations .

When localism was destroyed in 1682 (see Local System ), the Department was charged with compiling and continuing the noble family tree of the book. By decree of 1689, the clerk of the Bit Order were sued only in it alone.

From 1682 to the 1690s, the Order also had a House of Genealogy - an interim commission for the collection of genealogical murals and documents from servicemen for compiling a genealogy book.

The categories of Moscow , Novgorod , Belgorod , Ryazan, and so on, which were in charge of the service people of the respective cities, depended on the discharge order. In contrast, the discharge order was called the Moscow Great Rank .

The discharge order was, as it were, a special establishment under the tsar’s Duma , and therefore its activity ceases with the abolition of the latter.

With the establishment of the Senate in 1711, a special discharge table was formed under it, to which some objects of the department of the former discharge order were transferred, and the Bit Order ceased to exist, documents were transferred to the Bit Archive ^[3] .

The rank , in the XVI - XVIII centuries, as an organ of the central military administration (state institution) solved the following tasks:

• was in charge of all the servicemen ( military ) people of Russia, their coastal service (border, security, guard, garrison, and so on);
• appointed initial people (military and civilian commanders) of various categories, in accordance with their merits or misses, that is, raised or lowered them in rank , such as: governor , governors of counties and volosts, ambassadors, judges of orders;
• judged negligent servicemen ( officials ) who did not justify the confidence of the people, examined local affairs;
• kept records, that is, discharge books about annual appointments to the "sovereign service", indicating their local and monetary salaries;
• increased or decreased salaries of servants, local and monetary;
• carried out the manning of rati ( troops , armed forces), account of formations , monitored cash and local salaries;
• conducted reviews of children of the boyars and nobles to determine their abilities for military service (city and field).
• He was in charge of the content of rati, garrisons, watchmen, posts and so on;
• supervised the construction of fortresses and border cities;
• was in charge of the Ukrainian population and lands;
• and other.

Divided into tables:

• Monetary;
• Moscow ^[4] (in charge of not only Moscow, but also state affairs);
• Order;
• Territorial (discharge ^[5] ): Belgorod, Vladimir, Novgorod, Sevsky and Kiev ( Povitye ).

Later, at different times, the following ranks ( regiments ) entered into submission:

• Moscow ;
• Sevsky ;
• Vladimirsky ;
• Novgorod ;
• Kazan , later transferred to the Order of the Kazan Palace;
• Smolensky ;
• Ryazan ;
• Belgorod ;
• Tambovsky ;
• Tula (formerly Ukrainian).

In accordance with the document of that period, “The list is painted by a military man, who in 189 (that is, in 1681) was painted in regiments according to categories”, in nine categories (regiments) 164 600 service people were serving (the ratio of foot and horse people - 49 and 51 percent).

• A. Ya. Shchelkalov ;
• V. Ya. Shchelkalov ;
• F. F. Likhachev ;
• S.I. Zaborovsky ( 1661 - 1664 );
• V.A. Zmeev (1682 - 16 ??);
• D.E. Bashmakov ;
• F. A. Griboedov ;
• other;
• his last leader was the boyar T. N. Streshnev (since 1689).

• Acts of the Moscow state.
  • Volume 1. Bit order. Moscow table. 1571-1634. - M. , 1890;
  • Volume 2. Bit order. Moscow table. 1635-1659. - M. , 1894;
  • Volume 3. Bit order. Moscow table. 1660-1664. - M. , 1901.

• Order (governing body)
• Discharge shelves
• Provincial authority

• Military affairs in Russia in the pre-Petrine times // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Vasilenko N.P. Orders // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Painted by military people, which in 189 are painted in regiments by rank // Description of the State Bit Archive. - M. , 1842.
• Zagoskin N.P. Tables of the discharge order, according to their books stored in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Justice. Report on classes in the Archive in the fall of 1878.
• Likhachev P. Bit clerks of the XVI century. - SPb. , 1888.
• "Description of the affairs of the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Justice", vol. V, 1888.
• Acts of the Moscow State, published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences: [In 3 volumes]. - SPb. : Type of. Imp. Acad. Sciences, 1890 - 1901. T. 1: Bit Order: Moscow table: 1571 - 1634 / Ed. N.A. Popova. - SPb. , 1890 .-- XLIV, 767 p.
• Epiphany, Sergei Konstantinovich | Epiphany S. K.]] Order judges of the XVII century. - M. - L. , 1946.
• Zimin A. A. On the addition of the command system in Russia // Reports and reports of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, vol. 3 - M. , 1954 - S. 164-176.
• Leontyev A.K. Formation of the command system of management in the Russian state - M. , 1961.
• Novokhatko O. V. Notebooks of the Moscow table of the discharge order of the 17th century. - Moscow: Monuments of historical thought, 2001. - 448 p.
• Bit order / Buganov V.I. // Brasos - Vesh. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1971. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 4).

• Department of Political Sciences, Political History of Russia, Orders.