Crane-like ( Latin: Gruiformes ; in the old, non - typified Latin spelling of scientific names - Grues ) is an extensive squad of birds very different in appearance, features of the internal structure and lifestyle, in the system of Wetmore includes nine living and 12 extinct families . Later, for most of these families (bustards, shepherdess, Madagascar shepherds, thistles, cinquefoil, kariam, kagu, sun herons) the status of independent units began to be often recognized. Mostly marsh and land birds, less often nest on trees.
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Content
- 1 Phylogenetic origin
- 2 General characteristics
- 3 Classification
- 4 Genetics
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
- 7 References
Phylogenetic origin
Cranes are one of the oldest genealogical groups of modern birds. There is a high probability that they survived the catastrophe that occurred during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods 65 million years ago.
A remarkable feature of several crane-like groups is that their inability to fly evolved much faster than most other birds. About one third of extinct families were at least partially flightless.
Extinct families :
- † Parvigruidae
- † Songziidae
- † Aptornithidae
- † Messelornithidae
- † Eogruidae
- † Sonogrus gregalis
- † Eogrus aeola
- † Sonogrus gregalis
- † Ergilornithidae
- † Salmilidae
- † Geranoididae
- † Bathornithidae
- † Idiornithidae
- † Phorusrhacidae [1]
- † Fororacos
General characteristics
Various in appearance, features of the internal structure and lifestyle of birds, the sizes of which range from 15-20 centimeters to almost two meters.
Mostly marsh and terrestrial inhabitants, less often - nesting on trees.
Distributed around the world, excluding the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In the fauna of Russia, 23 species are presented, belonging to three or four families [2] . 13 species are listed in the Red Book of Russia [3] .
Classification
Traditionally, many families of marshes or birds living on the earth, which by their characteristics did not fall under the definition of any well-known order, were assigned to the crane-like order. This includes the terrestrial bustard ( Otididae ), including the most massive of the living flying birds, large cranes ( Gruidae ) and the relatively small and secretive cowgirls ( Rallidae ) (all of these families are widespread in the world), as well as a number of small families, some of which include only one species, such as endemic kagu or sun heron .
Outwardly, the birds that make up the squad are little similar to each other. However, anatomical and genetic studies show that all of them are apparently evolutionarily close to each other.
The Sibley – Alqvista taxonomic classification system [4] , based on DNA hybridization studies , excluded the families Otididae , Eurypygidae , Rhynochetidae , Cariamidae , Mesitornithidae, and Turnicidae from the order. Eurypygidae and Rhynochetidae are similar to the proposed heron order ( Ardeiformes ) and therefore have been classified together with other birds, which are now defined as Ciconiiformes , as well as Charadriiformes . The families Mesitornithidae and Cariamidae were identified as cuckoo-shaped ( Cuculiformes ), but representatives of the Otididae family were not close to any other birds. In addition, it was not possible to finally classify the family of three-thistled ( Turnicidae ), which, according to other classifications, was singled out as an independent unit of Turniciformes . It is worth noting that the method of DNA hybridization is not always effective in determining the largest taxonomic groups.
Analysis of the DNA sequence of the decorated thimble ( Pedionomus torquatus ), previously considered to be a deviated representative of the three-thimble in the order of the crane-like, led to the placement of this species in a separate Pedionomidae family in the order of Charadriiformes, close to the Jacanidae ( Jacanidae ). The remaining three-thimbles were also removed from the list of crane families and ranked as charadriiformes, however, forming an evolutionary branch different from all other members of this order [5] [6] .
Sometimes several infra- orders of crane-like species are distinguished: cowherd ( Rallidae ) and legate-legged ( Heliornithidae ) are combined into the Ralli group (at the same time, Rallidae are sometimes allocated to the new order Ralliformes ); Aramids ( Aramidae ), cranes ( Gruidae ) and trumpeters ( Psophiidae ) are combined into the Grui infraorder.
Previously, up to 13 crane families were identified, which included a total of about 190 species: Madagascar shepherd partridges , or mesitiformes ( Mesitornithidae ), three- thirds ( Turnicidae ), collared three-thirds , cranes ( Gruidae ), aramas , or shepherd cranes ( Aruida or trumpeters ( Psophiidae ), cowherd ( Rallidae ), cinquefoil ( Heliornithidae ), kagu ( Rhynochetidae ), herons ( Eurypygidae ), seriemes, or karyama ( Cariamidae ), bustards ( Otididae ) and avdotki ( Burhinidae ). Currently, nine families are left in the squad.
Subsequently, the following families began to be attributed to cranes:
- Aramidae
- Bustard ( Otididae )
- Crane ( Gruidae )
- Kagu ( Rhynochetidae )
- Madagascar Cowgirls ( Mesitornithidae )
- Hellopods ( Heliornithidae )
- Cowgirl ( Rallidae )
- Cariamidae ( Cariamidae )
- Trumpeters ( Psophiidae )
- Sun Herons ( Eurypygidae )
Currently, a number of families are separated into independent groups, and according to the classification of the United Taxonomic Information Service (ITIS), five families are classified as crane-like, namely [7] :
- Aramidae
- Crane ( Gruidae )
- Hellopods (Heliornithidae)
- Trumpeters ( Psophiidae )
- Cowgirl ( Rallidae )
Genetics
- Molecular genetics
- The deposited nucleotide sequences in the database EntrezNucleotide , GenBank , NCBI, USA: 533 896 (as of March 14, 2015).
- Deposited protein sequences in the database EntrezProtein , GenBank, NCBI, USA: 143,026 (as of March 14, 2015).
Due to discrepancies in the taxonomy used in the NCBI databases and in other classifications, most of the sequences deposited in GenBank belong to species that are not now part of the crane order. An exception is the eastern crowned crane ( Balearica regulorum ), the genetically most studied species of the order.
- Genomics
In 2014, sequencing of the complete genomic sequence of the crane-like representative, the eastern crowned crane ( B. regulorum ), was performed [8] . Due to the relatively good assembly quality of the P. pubescens genome, the species is important in comparative genomics for elucidating the evolution of avian genomes [9] .
Notes
- ↑ Alvarenga, HMF, Höfling E. Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes) // Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo). - 2003. - Vol. 43. - No. 4. - P. 55-91. - ISSN 0031-1049 .
- ↑ See their list on the website APUS.RU.
- ↑ Listed on the website APUS.RU.
- ↑ Sibley CG, Ahlquist J. Phylogeny and classification of birds. - New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
- ↑ van Tuinen M., Waterhouse D., Dyke GJ Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships // Journal of Avian Biology . - 2004. - Vol. 35. - No. 3 .-- P. 191-194.
- ↑ Paton TA, Baker AJ Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree // Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . - 2006. - Vol. 39. - No. 3. - P.657–667. - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.01.011 .
- ↑ Gruiformes (English) according to the United Taxonomy Information Service (ITIS).
- ↑ Assembly: GCA_000709895.1: Balearica regulorum gibbericeps Genome sequencing . European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) . EMBL - EBI (October 27, 2014). Date of treatment March 14, 2015. Archived March 14, 2015.
- ↑ Zhang G., Li C., Li Q., Li B., Larkin DM, Lee C., Storz JF, Antunes A., Greenwold MJ, Meredith RW, Ödeen A., Cui J., Zhou Q., Xu L., Pan H., Wang Z., Jin L., Zhang P., Hu H., Yang W., Hu J., Xiao J., Yang Z., Liu Y., Xie Q., Yu H. , Lian J., Wen P., Zhang F., Li H., Zeng Y., Xiong Z., Liu S., Zhou L., Huang Z., An N., Wang J., Zheng Q., Xiong Y., Wang G., Wang B., Wang J., Fan Y., da Fonseca RR, Alfaro-Núñez A., Schubert M., Orlando L., Mourier T., Howard JT, Ganapathy G., Pfenning A ., Whitney O., Rivas MV, Hara E., Smith J., Farré M., Narayan J., Slavov G., Romanov MN, Borges R., Machado JP, Khan I., Springer MS, Gatesy J., Hoffmann FG, Opazo JC, Håstad O., Sawyer RH, Kim H., Kim KW, Kim HJ, Cho S., Li N., Huang Y., Bruford MW, Zhan X., Dixon A., Bertelsen MF, Derryberry E., Warren W., Wilson RK, Li S., Ray DA, Green RE, O'Brien SJ, Griffin D., Johnson WE, Haussler D., Ryder OA, Willerslev E., Graves GR, Alström P., Fjeldså J., Mindell DP, Edwards SV, Braun EL, Rahbek C., Bu rt DW, Houde P., Zhang Y., Yang H., Wang J., Avian Genome Consortium, Jarvis ED, Gilbert MT, Wang J. Comparative genomics reveals insights into avian genome evolution and adaptation (Eng.) // Science : Journal. - Washington, DC , USA: American Association for the Advancement of Science , 2014. - Vol. 346, no. 6215 . - P. 1311-1320. - ISSN 0036-8075 . - DOI : 10.1126 / science.1251385 . - PMID 25504712 . Archived February 16, 2015. (Retrieved February 16, 2015)
Literature
- Cranes - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . (Retrieved March 14, 2015) Archived March 14, 2015.
Links
- Cranes (inaccessible link) on Answers.com
- Phylogeny of the Gruiformes squad on the John Boyd website