The principle of compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells postulates that biochemical processes in the cell are localized in specific compartments covered with a membrane of a lipid bilayer. Most organelles in a eukaryotic cell are compartments — mitochondria , chloroplasts , peroxisomes , lysosomes , the endoplasmic reticulum , the cell nucleus, and the Golgi apparatus . Within a number of compartments (including the nucleus), subcompartments are also distinguished, which differ in form and function [1] .
Content
Functions
Inside the compartments surrounded by a lipid bilayer, different pH values can exist, different enzymatic systems function. The principle of compartmentalization allows the cell to perform various metabolic processes simultaneously.
The mitochondrial cytosol contains an oxidizing environment in which NADH is oxidized to NAD + .
The quintessential principle of compartmentalization can be considered the Golgi apparatus , in the dictiosomes of which various enzymatic systems work, for example, carrying out various stages of post - translational modification of proteins .
Classification
The following cell compartments are distinguished:
- Kernel (internal contents of the kernel)
- The space of tanks of the endoplasmic reticulum (passing into the perinuclear space)
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria (divided into two compartments - matrix and intermembrane space)
- Chloroplasts (in higher plants are divided into three compartments - intermembrane space, stroma and the inner cavity of thylakoids)
- Cytosol
Prokaryotes
In any cell, there are two general microcompartments separated by a unitary membrane - the cytoplasmic and exoplasmic. Bacteria with a gram-negative morphotype also have a third general micro- compartment - the periplasmic , which is located between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane [2] .
Sometimes a specialized micro-compartment is located in several general compartments at once, that is, it has mixed localization. One example of this is undulipodia .
See also
- Periplasmic space
Notes
- ↑ Nunes V., and Moretti N. Nuclear subcompartments: an overview // Cell Biology International. - 2016. - Vol. 41, No. 1 . - P. 2-7. - DOI : 10.1002 / cbin.10703 .
- ↑ Pinevich A.V. Microbiology: Biology of Prokaryotes, Volume I, St. Petersburg State University, 2006