Paralympic Games

Paralympic Emblem

Wheelchair access for athletes

Athens 2004 Paralympic Games Opening Ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2014 Paralympic Games in Sochi .

Paralympic Games ( Paralympic Games ) ^[1] - international sports competitions for people with disabilities. Traditionally held after the Olympic Games , and since the 1988 Summer Paralympic Games - at the same sports facilities; in 2001, this practice was enshrined in an agreement between the IOC and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) . The Paralympic Summer Games have been held since 1960 , and the Paralympic Winter Games since 1976 .

The emergence of sports in which people with disabilities can participate is associated with the name of the English neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttman , who, overcoming age-old stereotypes in relation to such people, introduced sport into the process of rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries . He proved in practice that sport for people with physical disabilities creates the conditions for successful life, restores mental balance , allows you to return to a full life regardless of physical disorders, strengthens the physical strength necessary to drive with a wheelchair.

Content

1 Name
2 History
3 Paralympic sports
4 Summer Games
5 Winter Games
6 notes
7 See also
8 References

Title

The name was originally associated with the term paraplegia paralysis of the lower extremities , since these competitions were held among people with spinal injuries, but with the beginning of participation in sports games and with other diseases it was rethought as “nearby, outside ( Greek παρά ) Olympics”; I mean the parallelism and equality of paralympic competitions with Olympic.

The spelling “para-Olympic” is recorded in the academic “Russian Spelling Dictionary” ^[2] and other dictionaries. The spelling “Paralympic” is non-normative and is not marked in the dictionaries and is used only in official documents of state authorities, being a tracing-paper from the official name (IOC) in English - Paralympic Games . Federal Law of November 9, 2009 No. 253-ФЗ “On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” (adopted by the State Duma on October 21, 2009, approved by the Federation Council on October 30, 2009) established a uniform use in the legislation of the Russian Federation of the words “Paralympic ”And“ Deaflympic ”, as well as phrases formed on their basis:“ The Paralympic Committee of Russia ”,“ Paralympic Games ”and others. In the aforementioned Federal Law, the spelling of these words is brought into line with the rules established by international sports organizations ^[3] .

The rejection of the term “para-Olympic” is due to the fact that the use of the word “Olympic” and its derivatives for marketing and other commercial purposes must be coordinated with the IOC each time.

At first, the term "Paralympic Games" was used informally. The 1960 Games were officially called the "Ninth International Stock Mandeville Games" and only in 1984 they were given the status of the first Paralympic Games. The first games to which the term “Paralympics” was officially applied were the 1964 games. Nevertheless, in a number of games up to the 1980 Games, the term "Olympic Games for the Disabled" was used, in 1984 - the "International Games for the Disabled". Finally, the term "Paralympic" was officially fixed, starting with the 1988 Games.

History

In 1948, the doctor at the Stoke Mandeville Rehabilitation Hospital, Ludwig Guttman , gathered British veterans who returned from World War II with spinal cord injuries to compete in sports. Called the “father of sports for people with disabilities,” Guttman was a strong advocate of using sports to improve the quality of life of people with spinal cord injuries. The first Games that became the prototype of the Paralympic Games were called the Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games-1948 and coincided in time with the Olympic Games in London . Guttman had a far-reaching goal - the creation of the Olympic Games for disabled athletes. The British Stoke Mandeville Games were held annually, and in 1952 , with the arrival of the Dutch team of wheelchair athletes to participate in the competition, the Games received international status and totaled 130 participants. The IX Stoke Mandeville Games, which were open not only to war veterans, took place in 1960 in Rome . They are considered the first official Paralympic Games. In Rome, 400 wheelchair athletes from 23 countries competed. Since that time, the rapid development of the Paralympic movement in the world began ^[4] .

In 1976, the first winter Paralympic Games were held in Ornskoldsvik ( Sweden ), in which not only wheelchairs, but also athletes with other categories of disabilities took part for the first time ^[4] . In the same 1976, the summer Paralympic Games in Toronto went down in history, gathering 1,600 participants from 40 countries, including blind and visually impaired, paraplegics , as well as athletes with amputated limbs, with spinal injuries and other types of physical disorders ^[5] .

Competitions, the purpose of which was initially the treatment and rehabilitation of people with disabilities, became a top-level sporting event, which necessitated the creation of a governing body. In 1982, the Coordinating Council of International Sports Organizations for the Disabled was created - ICC. In 1989, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) was created and the coordination council completely transferred its authority to it since 1993 ^[6] .

Another turning point in the Paralympic movement was the 1988 Summer Paralympic Games , for which the same facilities were used at which the Olympic competitions were held. The 1992 Winter Paralympic Games were held in the same city, and for the first time (for the winter games) in the same arenas as the Olympic competitions. In 2001, the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee signed an agreement under which, starting in 2008, the Paralympic Games should be held in the same year and use the same facilities as the Olympic Games. At the same time, the Paralympic Games are organized by the same organizing committee as the Olympic Games, and are funded from the same sources. De facto, this order has been applied since the games of 2002. ^[6] .

Paralympic Sports

Summer sports

Rowing ;
Wheelchair Basketball ;
Bocce ;
Cycling ;
Dressage ;
Goalball
Kayaking ;
Judo ;
Athletics
Table tennis ;
Paratriathlon ;
Sailing
Swimming
Bullet shooting ;
Wheelchair Rugby ;
Sitting volleyball ;
Archery ;
Wheelchair tennis ;
Powerlifting ;
Wheelchair fencing ;
Football 5x5 ;
Football 7x7 .

Winter sports

Downhill skiing ;
Wheelchair curling ;
Cross country skiing ;
Biathlon ;
Sledge Hockey ;
Snowboard Para .

Summer Games

Games	Year	The opening ceremony	Closing ceremony	Location
I	1960	September 18th	September 25th	Rome Italy
II	1964	the 3rd of November	November 12th	Tokyo Japan
III	1968	November 8th	the 13th of November	Tel Aviv Israel
IV	1972	August 2	11th August	Heidelberg Germany
V	1976	August 3rd	11th August	Toronto Ontario Canada
VI	1980	21st of June	5'th of July	Arnhem Netherlands
VII	1984	July 22 / June 17	August 1 / June 30	Stoke Mandeville , UK and New York , USA
VIII	1988	October 15th	October 24th	Seoul South Korea
IX	1992	August 3rd	August 14	Barcelona Spain
X	1996	August 15	August, 26th	Atlanta Georgia USA
Xi	2000	October 18th	29th of October	Sydney Australia
XII	2004	September 17th	September 28th	Athens Greece
XIII	2008	6 September	September 17th	Beijing China
XIV	2012	August 29	9th of September	London United Kingdom
XV	2016	September 7th	September 18th	Rio de Janeiro Brazil
XVI	2020	25-th of August	6 September	Tokyo Japan
XVII	2024	August 28	8 September	Paris France
XVIII	2028	August 23	September 3rd	Los angeles USA

Winter Games

Games	Year	The opening ceremony	Closing ceremony	Location
I	1976	February 21	28th of February	Ornskoldsvik , Sweden
II	1980	1st of February	February 7	Geilo , Norway
III	1984	January 14th	January 20th	Innsbruck , Austria
IV	1988	January 17	January 24th	Innsbruck , Austria
V	1992	March 21	March 28	Tignes / Albertville , France
VI	1994	10th of March	March 19th	Lillehammer , Norway
VII	1998	5th of March	March 14th	Nagano , Japan
VIII	2002	March 7th	March 16th	Salt Lake City , USA
IX	2006	10th of March	March 19th	Turin , Italy
X	2010	March 12th	March 21	Vancouver Canada
Xi	2014	March 7th	March 16th	Sochi , Russia
XII	2018	9th of March	March 18	Pyeongchang , South Korea
XIII	2022	March 4th	March 13	Beijing China

Notes

↑ According to the academic spelling dictionary , both spellings are acceptable, however, the name “pa al imperial games” is officially registered to correspond to the international term, see: Why is the word “Paralympics” written without “about”? (unspecified) . Arguments and Facts (December 16, 2013). Date of treatment December 16, 2013.
↑ Russian Spelling Dictionary / ed. ed. V.V. Lopatin. - 2nd, rev. and additional .. - M .: VV Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2005. - 945 p. - ISBN 5-88744-052-X .
↑ Help Desk. Question No. 259386: Answer from the Russian language inquiry service (neopr.) . Gramota.ru. Date of treatment August 27, 2012. Archived October 17, 2012.
↑ ¹ ² Paralympic Games. Story. Medals. Statistics (unspecified) . The recipe is sport. Sports and Information Portal of the United Country Foundation. Date of appeal May 15, 2014.
↑ Toronto 1976 Paralympics - Ceremonies, Medals, Torch Relay . www.paralympic.org. Date of treatment August 29, 2016.
↑ ¹ ² 25 years IPC - history . www.paralympic.org. Date of treatment August 29, 2016.

Links

Parasport. TV - Sports portal about parasport in Russian
Paralymp.ru - The Official Website of the Russian Paralympic Committee
Paralympic or Paralympic? - About the disappearance of the letter O in the word about the limpian couple (Marina Koroleva, Rossiyskaya Gazeta).
RECIPE - SPORT - Sports and information site about the Paralympic movement in Russian

[1] According to the academic spelling dictionary , both spellings are acceptable, however, the name “pa al imperial games” is officially registered to correspond to the international term, see: Why is the word “Paralympics” written without “about”? (unspecified) . Arguments and Facts (December 16, 2013). Date of treatment December 16, 2013.

[2] Russian Spelling Dictionary / ed. ed. V.V. Lopatin. - 2nd, rev. and additional .. - M .: VV Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2005. - 945 p. - ISBN 5-88744-052-X .

[3] Help Desk. Question No. 259386: Answer from the Russian language inquiry service (neopr.) . Gramota.ru. Date of treatment August 27, 2012. Archived October 17, 2012.

[receipt-01-4] ¹ ² Paralympic Games. Story. Medals. Statistics (unspecified) . The recipe is sport. Sports and Information Portal of the United Country Foundation. Date of appeal May 15, 2014.

[5] Toronto 1976 Paralympics - Ceremonies, Medals, Torch Relay . www.paralympic.org. Date of treatment August 29, 2016.

[:0-6] ¹ ² 25 years IPC - history . www.paralympic.org. Date of treatment August 29, 2016.