Puez languages

The kinship between languages ​​included in this group is controversial. The following languages ​​are usually included:

• Puez language (dead)
  • Gogurye language (dead)
  • Pakchet language (dead)
• Silla (tongue) (dead)
  • Korean
• Japanese-Ryukyu languages
  • Japanese
  • Ryukyu languages

The Japanese-Kogur hypothesis

The hypothesis about the relationship between the Japanese and Kogurye languages, which existed in antiquity in the north of modern Korea and in the south of Manchuria , was first proposed by Japanese researchers in 1907 ( Simpei Ogura ). According to this hypothesis, the ancestors of the Japanese who founded the kingdom of Yamato arrived in Japan from the kingdom of Puyo , the ancestor of the kingdom of Goguryo . Later, the Kogurye princes also founded the Korean kingdom of Baekje . In turn, Baekche maintained close relations with Yamato. Christopher Beckwith suggests that at that time, the Japanese could still remember kinship with other natives of Puye. Beckwith reconstructed about 140 kogurye words , mostly ancient toponyms. These words recognize morphemes supposedly related to the Japanese, in particular, indicators of the genitive -no and the attribute -si.

Pueu-silla hypothesis

In contrast to the Japanese-Kogur hypothesis, a number of linguists, in particular Kim Panhan , Alexander Vovin , consider the Kogur language as an ancestor of modern Korean. In their opinion, the so-called "Japanese-like" place names relate mostly to the central part of the Korean Peninsula and, therefore, do not reflect the Kogurye language, but the former substrate, spoken by the natives of the center and south of Korea. Later it was found that a significant number of “Japanese-like” toponyms, as well as a numeral found in Silla, were also common in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. These linguists suggested that the ancestor of the Japanese language was once spread on the territory of the Korean Peninsula as a substrate for Korean language Anger suggests that the ancestors of Yayoi culture came to Japan from central and southern Korea. This hypothesis is based on the following arguments: “Japanese-like” place names were not found either in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula or in the southwestern part of Manchuria, where the historical kingdoms of Puye and Goguryo were located. On the contrary, Korean place names were evenly distributed on the territory of the Three Korean kingdoms from Manchuria to the Korean Peninsula. Morphemes that have similar functions in the modern Korean language, for example, the final predicate exponent -ti and the nominative -i, were found in Kogurye inscriptions.

• Korean dialects
• Gogurye language
• Silla (tongue)

• A review of Beckwith 2007

• 2006. “Methodological Observations on Some Recent Studies of the Early Ethnolinguistic History of Korea and Vicinity.” Altai Hakpo 2006, 16: 199–234.
• Alexander Vovin, 2005. “Koguryǒ and Paekche: Different Languages ​​or Dialects of Old Korean?” Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies , 2005, Vol. 2-2: 108-140.
• http://www.upkorea.net/news/photo/5017-2-4633.pdf