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Vatican

The Vatican ( lat. Status Civitatis Vaticanæ , Italian. Stato della Città del Vaticano [7] , also found the use of the name of the State city of the Vatican [8] ) - a dwarf state - an enclave (the smallest officially recognized state in the world [K. 1] ) inside the territory of Rome , associated with Italy . The status of the Vatican in international law is an auxiliary sovereign territory of the Holy See , the residence of the highest spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church .

Vatican City
lat Status Civitatis Vaticanæ
ital. Stato della città del vaticano
Flag
FlagEmblem
Anthem : Inno e Marcia Pontificale
Independence dateFebruary 11, 1929 [1] (from Italy )
official languagesitalian latin
CapitalVatican
Form of governmentabsolute theocratic monarchy [2]
PopeFrancis
Secretary of StatePietro Parolin
GovernorGiuseppe Bertello
Gos. religionCatholicism
Territory276th in the world
• Total0.44 km²
Population
• Evaluation (April 2017)605 [3] people ( 246th )
• density1375 people / km² ( 3rd )
Names of residentsVatican, Vatican [4]
CurrencyEuro ( EUR, code 978 ) [5] .
Internet domain
ISO code
Telephone codeand
Time Zonesand
Car traffic

Foreign diplomatic missions are accredited to the Holy See, and not to the Vatican city-state. Due to the small territory of the Vatican, foreign embassies and representative offices accredited to the Holy See are located in Rome (including the Italian embassy, ​​which is thus located in its own capital [9] ).

The Vatican has been a regular observer at the United Nations since 1964 [10] , and has been collaborating with the organization since 1957 [11] . In July 2004, the rights of the Holy See mission to the United Nations were expanded [10] . In addition, since August 2008, the Vatican began cooperation with Interpol on an ongoing basis [12] [13] .

The Vatican, as a unique state, does not participate in most EU projects, but uses the euro.

Etymology

The official name “Vatican” was first used in the Lateran agreements concluded on February 11, 1929 between the Holy See and the Italian government, headed by B. Mussolini , who established the status of a modern city-state. The name was taken from the name of the Vatican hill on which the state is located. The name of the Vatican hill, probably, came from the Etruscan name of the city "Vaticum", which currently does not exist. According to legends, Etruscan soothsayers (and later Roman augurs ) proclaimed their predictions - “Vaticinization” ( lat. Vaticinatio - “prediction”, “prophecy”). [14] Historically (before the Vatican state appeared) the word “Vatican” had the meaning “palace of the pope” [15] .

The official Italian name for the Vatican ( Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano ) means literally "State of the City of the Vatican." Although the Holy See (which is not identical to the Vatican) and the Catholic Church use in official documents , the Vatican officially uses Italian . The Latin name of the state is lat. Status Civitatis Vaticanæ [16] [17] is used in official documents not only by the Holy See, but also in most official church and papal documents.

History

In antiquity, the territory of the Vatican ( lat. Ager vaticanus ) was not populated, since in ancient Rome this place was considered holy. Emperor Claudius held circus games at this place. [18] In 326 , after the advent of Christianity , the basilica of Constantine was erected over the alleged tomb of St. Peter , and since then this place has been populated.

Formed in the middle of the VIII century, the Papal state covered a significant part of the Apennine peninsula, but in 1870 it was liquidated by the Italian kingdom .

In its present form it arose on February 11, 1929 on the basis of the Lateran Agreements concluded with the government of B. Mussolini .

Geography

 
The official plan of the Vatican (from the appendix to the Lateran Accords). The colors indicated on the plan are: dark gray - the territory of the Vatican city-state; light gray - the territory of the Vatican city-state, for which Italy is responsible for maintaining the rule of law. This territory may at any time be closed to the public and the Italian police for special ceremonial events; red is a small strip (3 m wide and 60 m long) near the northern colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica, which, according to the Lateran Agreements, is the territory of Italy and is in Italian jurisdiction. This fact was the subject of controversy at a joint Vatican-Italian commission that existed until 1932 to clarify the wording of the Lateran agreements. However, since the decisions of the commission were advisory in nature, Italy refused to recognize the results of the discussion and left a strip of land along the colonnade; blue circle - the territory of Italy, owned by the Holy See. The territory has extraterritorial status; Italian law does not apply to it; also - the territory in the southern part of the plan (on the left) is painted light gray by mistake and is the territory of Italy.

The Vatican is located on the Vatican hill in the northwestern part of Rome , a few hundred meters from the Tiber . From all sides the Vatican is surrounded by Italy, the total length of the state border is 3.2 kilometers. In addition, the Lateran Accords gave the Vatican some extraterritoriality (some basilicas, curio and diocesan offices, and Castel Gandolfo ), but basically the border coincides with the defensive wall. In front of St. Peter's Basin, the border is the edge of an oval-shaped square (indicated by white stones in the paving of the square).

 
Saint Paul's Cathedral
 
View of St. Peter's Square from the dome of the cathedral

Political System

The Vatican is a theocratic state [19] ruled by the Holy See . The sovereign of the Holy See, in whose hands the absolute legislative, executive and judicial powers are concentrated, is the Pope , elected by cardinals for life. After the death or abdication of the Pope and during the conclave , right up to the intronization of the new Pope, his duties (with significant restrictions) are performed by the Camerlengo [20] .

Government

 
Vatican Government Palace

The chief executive is the Secretary of State.

The Vatican is governed by an administrative body - the Papal Commission appointed by the Holy See, headed by the governor (the commission is appointed for a 5-year term, the governor at the same time heads the Governor of the Vatican City State ). The main administrative body of the Holy See (Practical Guide to Religious, Political and Economic Activities) is the Roman Curia . According to the Apostolic Constitutions Regimini Ecclesiae Universae ( 1968 ) and Pastor Bonus (1988), the administration of the Catholic Church and the Vatican consists of several departments. The execution of the decisions of the pope and the coordination of the activities of the Roman Curia is carried out by the State Secretariat . Its head - the Secretary of State - has been granted all powers in the field of secular sovereignty; in fact, he is acting as prime minister. Since 2013, Secretary of State - Cardinal Pietro Parolin .

The highest advisory bodies are the Ecumenical Council , the College of Cardinals and the Episcopal Synod.

The State Secretariat has, in particular, sections on general issues (internal affairs) and on relations with states (foreign affairs).

Other bodies of the Catholic Church and the Vatican: nine congregations , or dicastries (ministries); 11 papal commissions; the Bureau; Apostolic library and other institutions. Legal Institutions - The Supreme Church Court, the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Court and the local tribunal. The order is maintained by the papal guard, consisting of Swiss guards.

Population

Almost the entire population of the Vatican is Vatican citizens with a passport (this passport has diplomatic status of the Holy See, indicates belonging to the inhabitants of the Apostolic Capital (Vatican) and issued by the State Secretariat) and are ministers of the Catholic Church. Passport No. 1 is traditionally issued to the current Pope, who does not have the right to have any other citizenship or citizenship, except for the citizenship of the Holy See (an exception was made only for Benedict XVI , who was allowed to simultaneously retain German citizenship, and Francis , who retained Argentinean citizenship). [21] [22]

As of December 31, 2005, out of 557 subjects of the Holy See, 58 are cardinals , 293 are members of the clergy and are members of the Papal missions, 62 are other members of the clergy, 101 are members of the Swiss Guard , and the remaining 43 are lay . In 1983, not a single newborn was registered in the Vatican. A little less than half, 246 citizens, retained their first citizenship. Citizenship in the Vatican is not inherited and cannot be acquired by birth in the state. It can only be obtained on the basis of service to the Holy See and is canceled in the event of termination of employment in the Vatican [23] .

Article 9 of the 1929 Lateran Treaty between the Vatican and Italy states that if a person ceases to be a citizen of the Vatican and does not have the citizenship of any other state, he is granted Italian citizenship.

Ethnically, most of them are Italians , with the exception of members of the Swiss Guard . The “daily” population of the Vatican also includes about 3,000 Italians working there, but they live outside the state.

In 2005, 111 marriages were registered in the Vatican.

The Vatican is the only state in the world with zero fertility [24] .

Economics

The Vatican has a nonprofit planned economy . Sources of income are primarily donations from Catholics around the world. Part of the funds is tourism (selling stamps , Vatican euro coins [25] , souvenirs, museum fees). Most of the workforce (museum staff, gardeners, janitors, and so on) are Italian citizens.

The budget of the Vatican is 310 million US dollars [26] .

The Vatican has its own bank, better known as the Institute of Religious Affairs .

The Vatican has a backup power station. Since 2008, the construction of a solar power plant with a design capacity of 100 megawatts has been ongoing [27] .

Infrastructure

Transport

There are no airports in the Vatican, but there is a helipad - the Vatican Heliport . It was opened in 1976 and is used to connect the Vatican with the international Roman airports of Fiumicino and Ciampino and the papal country residence in Castel Gandolfo .

There is a railway line 852 meters long and a station built in 1932 from the southwest of St. Peter's Basilica. The Vatican Railway is connected to a network of Italian railways [28] .

Communications

The Vatican has a radio station built in 1931 [28] [29] . The Vatican Radio broadcasts in 47 languages [30] . Since 1949, the CTV (Centro Televisivo Vaticano) television center [28] has been operating in the structure of Radio Vatican, which provides live broadcasts of events on partner channels and on the Internet [31] .

 
The interior of St. Peter's Basilica

The Vatican has its own Internet domain - “ .va ”. For a long time, the only site on this domain was vatican.va, containing official and contact information, daily press releases, speeches of the Holy Father, digitization from the Vatican Archives, and others. On June 29, 2011, the news.va was launched in the Vatican, its own informational Internet the portal, there is also an information portal for the Vatican Radio, which publishes texts in 39 languages ​​of the world [30] , a site for the governorate of the Vatican City State, a separate website for the Osservator Romano newspaper, Vatican Libraries and other Internet resources.

Since 1909, the Holy See newsletter Acta Apostolicae Sedis has been published in the Vatican, publishing papal legislation in Latin. Since 1861, the daily Italian newspaper L'Osservatore Romano has been published. Since 1860, the annual reference publication Annuario Pontificio [28] has been published.

Since 2002, the Vatican City Government Telecommunications Directorate has included a telephone service that manages the Vatican telecommunications, including voice wired and data networks. On May 18, 2010, the Vatican signed an agreement with the Italian division of the international mobile operator Vodafone . The Vatican does not have its own mobile operators. In addition, the Vatican has mail .

Armed Forces

 
Vatican Map

Until 1970, there were four types of armed forces:

  1. Noble guard ;
  2. Palatine (palace) guard ;
  3. Papal gendarmerie ;
  4. Swiss guard .

In 1970, Pope Paul VI reformed the armed forces, eliminating the first three types of troops and leaving the Swiss Guard founded in 1506 to guard the state. In 2002, John Paul II restored the gendarmerie, but now it performs only police functions and is not part of the armed forces.

The Swiss Guard reports directly to the Holy See.

Formally in percentage terms, the Vatican is the most militarized state in the world. According to 2005 data, out of 557 citizens, 101 are military in active service, which makes up 18% of the population [23] , and this more than three times exceeds the indicators of the second most militarized country in the world - North Korea (4.9%).

Culture

The Vatican has world-famous masterpieces of architecture - St. Peter's Basilica with interior decoration, Vatican museums , including the Sistine Chapel and others, as well as the famous Vatican Library .

Vatican Order

Papal orders:

  • Supreme Order of Christ
  • Order of the Golden Spurs
  • Order of Pius IX
  • Order of St. Gregory the Great
  • Order of Saint Sylvester
  • Jerusalem Order of the Holy Sepulcher

International Relations

 
Vladimir Putin and John Paul II . November 2003

The Vatican itself does not establish diplomatic relations, does not participate in international organizations and does not conclude international treaties, since it is the sovereign territory of the Holy See, and the sovereignty of the former directly derives from the sovereignty of the latter. However, in many sources, including news and diplomatic, the Holy See’s diplomatic relations are called the Vatican’s diplomatic relations. The Department of Roman Bishops is recognized as a sovereign subject of international law from early medieval times. And between 1860 until the conclusion of the Lateran Accords of 1929, the sovereignty of the Holy See was recognized not only by the Catholic powers, but also by the Russian Empire , Prussia and Austria-Hungary .

The diplomatic relations of the Vatican and the Holy See are administered by the Section of Relations with the States of the State Secretariat. The section is headed by the Secretary of State Relations with the rank of archbishop - currently Dominique Mamberti , titular archbishop of Sagon.

The Holy See maintains diplomatic relations with 174 countries of the world in which it is represented by papal ambassadors (nunciations). The Vatican also maintains diplomatic relations with the EU and with the Palestine Liberation Organization and is a member of 15 international organizations, including WHO , WTO , UNESCO , OSCE and FAO .

В 1989 году в ходе встречи Президента СССР М. С. Горбачёва с Иоанном Павлом II была достигнута договорённость об установлении отношений между СССР и Ватиканом на уровне официальных представительств. Такие отношения были установлены 15 марта 1990 года, первым представителем СССР при Святом Престоле в ранге Чрезвычайного и Полномочного Посла стал Ю. Е. Карлов , а в Москву прибыл апостольский нунций со специальными полномочиями. После распада СССР Ватикан установил отношения с Российской Федерацией как преемницей СССР на уровне сначала постоянных представительств, а с декабря 2009 года — на уровне посольств [32] [33] .

 
Владимир Путин посещает Бенедикта XVI , 13 марта 2007 года

В начале 1990-х Ватикан установил дипломатические отношения со странами Восточной и Центральной Европы, которые ранее находились под управлением коммунистических партий, а также с рядом государств бывшего Советского Союза .

Ватикан активно выступает за сохранение мира и урегулирование международных конфликтов. В 1991 г. он предостерегал от войны в Персидском заливе. Католическая церковь играла видную роль в прекращении гражданских войн в Центральной Америке. Во время поездок в этот регион папа призывал к прекращению гражданской войны в Гватемале, примирению в Никарагуа, утверждению «новой культуры солидарности и любви» [34] .

The Holy See is the oldest ( 1942 ) diplomatic ally of the Republic of China and is now the only sovereign subject of international law in Europe formally recognizing the Republic of China .

In 1971, the Holy See announced its decision to adhere to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in order to "provide moral support for the principles that serve as the basis of the Treaty itself."

In 2007, the Holy See established diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia [35] .

Notes

Comments
  1. ↑ According to some sources, the smallest state in the world is the territory of the Order of Malta
Sources
  1. ↑ Under the Lateran Accords .
  2. ↑ World Atlas: The most detailed information / Project leaders: A. N. Bushnev, A. P. Pritvorov. - M .: AST , 2017 .-- S. 20. - 96 p. - ISBN 978-5-17-10261-4.
  3. ↑ Vite da laici in Vaticano: sono 62 senza ius soli e col bancomat in latino (neopr.) .
  4. ↑ Gorodetskaya I. L., Levashov E. A. Vatican // Russian names of inhabitants: Dictionary-reference. - M .: AST , 2003 .-- S. 64 .-- 363 p. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-016914-0 .
  5. ↑ Until 1999 - Vatican Lira
  6. ↑ https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-11-2011-PDF-E.pdf
  7. ↑ Officially used by the Russian authorities as the name of the state. See Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 22, 2009 No. 1330 “On Establishing Diplomatic Relations with the Vatican”. Archived copy of January 4, 2012 on the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Gutsenko K.F., Kovler A.I. Constitutional Law: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Otv. ed. and hands. author collective S. A. Avakyan. - M .: NORMA-INFRA-M, 2000 .-- 688 p. - ISBN 5-89123-409-2
  9. ↑ Vatican Embassy in Italy Address Archived November 10, 2011 on Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ 1 2 In the world: the Vatican received the status of a UN observer without the right to vote (Russian) (inaccessible link) . Lenta.ru (July 2, 2004). Date of treatment April 12, 2019. Archived January 13, 2013.
  11. ↑ Archbishop Renato R. Martino. A Short History of the Holy See's Diplomacy (inaccessible link) . Holyseemission.org . Date of treatment April 12, 2019. Archived May 16, 2007.
  12. ↑ List of Member States (inaccessible link) . Interpol (2012). Date of treatment April 12, 2019. Archived August 2, 2012.
  13. ↑ Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 30, 2011. Archived July 24, 2011.
  14. ↑ The history of the appearance of the name of the Vatican and the history of the appearance of works of art of the Vatican (Russian) . Vaticaniste.ru . Date of treatment April 12, 2019.
  15. ↑ Zelinsky V. "Detailed Spelling Dictionary". M. , 1914.S. 41.
    Chudinov A. N. “Dictionary of foreign words ...” St. Petersburg. 1902.P. 152.
  16. ↑ Apostolic Constitution (lat.) . Vatican.va .
  17. ↑ Pope Francis. Letter to John Cardinal Lajolo (lat.) . Vatican.va (September 8, 2014). Date of treatment May 28, 2015.
  18. ↑ Guy Suetonius Tranquill . Book 5. The Divine Claudius // The Life of the Twelve Caesars = De vita XII caesarvm / Translation by M. L. Gasparov. The publication was prepared by M. L. Gasparov, E. M. Staerman. Repl. ed. S. L. Utchenko. Ed. publishing houses of N. A. Alpatov. - 3rd, corrected .. - M .: " Science ", 1993. - 368 p. - (“Literary Monuments”).
  19. ↑ Theocracy // Political Science. Vocabulary. - M: RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.
  20. ↑ Camerlengo / Catholic Encyclopedia. EdwART 2011.
  21. ↑ Giovanni Bensi. Read it! Envy I am a subject of the Holy See! (Rus.) // NG Religions : newspaper. - M. , 2007 .-- June 20.
  22. ↑ Niva Mirakyan. Dad refused a diplomatic passport: the Pontiff will remain an ordinary Argentine (Rus.) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta : newspaper. - M. , 2014 .-- February 19 ( No. 38 (6310) ). - ISSN 1606-5484 .
  23. ↑ 1 2 Zenit / Agnuz. In the Vatican 557 citizens are registered (Russian) . Patriarchy.ru (May 27, 2007). Date of treatment April 12, 2019.
  24. ↑ The first child was born in the Vatican. The baby was born in St. Peter's Square
  25. ↑ Vatican coin catalog
  26. ↑ Error in footnotes ? : Invalid <ref> ; no cia text for footnotes
  27. ↑ Bloomberg . Vatican to build Europe's biggest solar plant . CathNews (April 20, 2009). Date of treatment April 12, 2019. Archived April 12, 2019.
  28. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Vatican / N. A. Kovalsky // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
  29. ↑ Cnews: Radio Vatican Marks 80th Anniversary This Month Archived March 27, 2015 on Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ 1 2 Victor Khrul. The Vatican's radio portal began to publish the texts of the Pope in Hebrew (Russian) . RIA Novosti (November 10, 2011). Date of treatment March 12, 2012. Archived June 24, 2012.
  31. ↑ Website of the Vatican Telecentre (in Italian)
  32. ↑ Relations between Russia (USSR) and the Vatican (Russian) . RIA Novosti (December 9, 2014). Date of treatment January 4, 2015.
  33. ↑ Holy See Diplomatic Service (Russian) (PDF). MGIMO . Date of treatment January 4, 2015.
  34. ↑ Vatican // Encyclopedia " Around the World ."
  35. ↑ Vatican and Saudi Arabia established diplomatic relations (Russian) . Polit.ru (May 31, 2007). Date of treatment April 12, 2019. Archived September 30, 2007.

Literature

  • Barsov N.I. Catholic Church // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
  • Krasikov A. A. “Vatican: history and modernity”. - M. , 1991.
  • "Vatican Museums." Rome. - M. , 1974.
  • Kolupaev V. E. "Russian-Vatican relations in the XX century: new documents of the Russian foreign countries" // "Modern Europe: Journal of Socio-Political Studies". - 2011. - No. 3. - S. 106-111.
  • Kolupaev V. Ye. “Oriental collections of the Vatican” // “Oriental collection”. - 2008. - No. 4. - S. 135-142.
  • Chadwick, Owen. Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988 .-- ISBN 978-0-521-36825-4 .
  • Kent, Peter C. The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950. - Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002 .-- ISBN 978-0-7735-2326-5 .
  • Morley, John F. Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust, 1939–1943. - New York: Ktav Pub. House, 1980 .-- ISBN 978-0-87068-701-3 .
  • Nichols, Fiona. Rome and the Vatican . - London: New Holland, 2006. - P. 85–96. - ISBN 978-1-84537-500-3 .
  • Ricci, Corrado. The Vatican: Its History, Its Treasures / Corrado Ricci, Ernesto Begni. - Kessinger Publishing, 2003. - ISBN 978-0-7661-3941-1 .

Links

  • Vatican // Greater Caucasus - Great Canal. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2006. - S. 657-661. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 4). - ISBN 5-85270-333-8 .
  • Official website of the Holy See
  • Vatican City Official Website
  • Vatican City State (Russian)
  •   Wikimedia Commons: Atlas: Vatican  
  • Vatican Open Directory Project Link Directory (dmoz)
  • Vatican from BBC News
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatican&oldid=101972381


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