Maratha , often the Marathi Empire or Maratha Confederation ( Marathi मराठा साम्राज्य ), is a large Hindu state created in 1674 by the Marathas led by Shivaji (Sivaji) in the territory of the modern state of Maharashtra and the adjacent lands. The capital is .
Historical State | |||
Marath Confederation | |||
---|---|---|---|
marath मराठा साम्राज्य | |||
| |||
State of the Marathas in 1760 | |||
← → 1674 - 1820 | |||
Capital | Rygad , Pune | ||
Languages) | Marathi | ||
Religion | Hinduism | ||
Currency unit | Rupee , Paisa | ||
Square | 2,800,000 km² | ||
Population | 150 million people (1700) | ||
Form of government | monarchy | ||
Chhatrapati (emperor) | |||
• 1674 - 1680 | Shivaji | ||
• 1680 - 1689 | Sambhaji | ||
• 1689 - 1700 | Rajaram I | ||
• 1700 - 1707 | Tarabai | ||
• 1707 - 1749 | Shahuji I | ||
• 1749 - 1777 | Rajaram II | ||
• 1777 - 1808 | Shahuji II | ||
• 1808 - 1819 | Pratap singh | ||
Story | |||
• April 21, 1674 | state creation | ||
• September 21, 1820 | entry into British India |
In 1674, Shivaji refused to submit to the Bijapur Sultanate and took the royal title, creating the first Hindu state for many centuries of Muslim domination. When Shivaji died in 1680, after a brief struggle, one of his sons, Sambhaji , defeated his brother, crowned himself and continued his father's aggressive policy. Meanwhile, having learned about the death of Shivaji, the Great Mogul Aurangzeb invaded the Dean with an army of 180 thousand soldiers. The Deccan wars unleashed by him led only to the weakening of the Mughal Empire and the strengthening of the Marathas.
Since the reign of Shivaji's grandchildren in the Maratha state, centrifugal tendencies have been growing. The governors of Berar (with the center in Nagpur ) and Mulva (with the center in Indore ) declare their independence from the Peshwa (the first minister). In the 1720s and 1730s, the Marathi possessions turned into a coalition of Marathi principalities, perhaps the strongest of which became Gwalior .
The third Peshwa , Balaji Baji Rao (1740–1761), made a whole series of raids from the Deccan to the north and east. Inside the Dean, the power of the Marathas increased at the expense of the Muslim Nizam (after two wars waged with him). The main centers of them were at this time Pune and Nagpur.
In 1761, the Maratha rulers suffered a crushing defeat at Panipat from the Afghan troops of Ahmad Shah Durrani . In the new political situation, the Maratha princes set about redistributing their possessions: the Gwalior rajah occupied Delhi , and the ruler of Malva appropriated part of Rajasthan and Punjab .
These quarrels did not fail to take advantage of the British East India Company . In the course of the three Anglo-Marathian wars (1775–1782, 1803–1805, 1817–1818), the British seized Delhi and some other territories from the Marathas, and the princes themselves became vassals of the East India Company.
History
Shivaji Dynasty
The federal Hindu state of Marathas from the middle of the 17th century was created mainly by Shivaji. Sitting in an impregnable fortress in the Western Ghats, he formed flying squads of mounted pikemen from peasant proprietors who could be easily assembled. Thus, he always had at his disposal an unlimited number of troops without the costs of its maintenance. After a series of successful raids on neighbors and Mughal cities, he declared himself king and in 1674 was crowned, with great triumph, in Raigarh.
Shivaji was succeeded by his son Sambhaji (1680-1689). His reign was held in the wars with the Portuguese on the southwestern coast and the Moguls. In 1689, Aurengzeb took him prisoner, burned his eyes with a hot iron, cut out the language blaspheming the Prophet, and decapitated him. The six-year-old son of Sambhaji, Saga or Shao, was also taken prisoner, in which he remained until Aurengzeb's death. In 1707 he came to the throne, recognizing himself a vassal of Delhi. The long captivity and upbringing in the Muslim serale made him a pampered and weak man. He gave his office to his minister, Brahmin Balaji Viswanath , with the title of First Minister, or Peshva . Balaji Vishwanath along with Shivaji should be considered the founder of the power of the Marathas. The title of Peshva became hereditary and survived royal power.
The dynasty of Shivaji held only the small principalities of Satara and Kolhapur. Satara was inherited by the British (1849) in the absence of a direct heir, and Kolhapur was ruled by the descendants of Shivaji under the supreme authority of England.
Independent Marathi States
There were 5 independent Marathi dynasties and states:
- in Pune (where the peshwas ruled),
- the principality of Nagpur (dynasty Bhonsle ),
- Gwalior Principality ( Shinde Dynasty),
- Principality of Indore ( Holkar dynasty),
- the princedom of Barod (dynasty of Gaekwad ).
Peshwa
The power of the Maratha federation was created by the Peshwams. In 1718, the first Peshwa, Balaji, went with the army to Delhi, to the aid of the "workers of kings" Saidam, from whom Sultan Faroukshiyar wanted to get rid of. For this help, he uttered a generous reward: Shao, or Saga, was recognized as an independent sovereign of all the former possessions of Sivaji. Marathi received a tenth of the income from six provinces ( suba ) in the Dean, Tanjore, Mysore and Trinopoli regions, with the condition to supply 15 thousand troops in case of need and under the responsibility for peace in the Dean.
In 1720, among the Mughals, a quarter of the income from the Deccan was forced, as well as the recognition of the supreme power of the Marathas over the southern regions near Pune and Satara. The second Peshwa, Badji Rao (1721-1740), was again approved in the right to collect taxes from the Dean and in the supreme power over him. In 1736, he took Malwa from the Mughals, along with the country north-west of Vindhya, between Nurbudda and Chambal. In 1739, he took away the Bassein from the Portuguese. The final concession of the Malva to the Marathas took place in 1743.
The third Peshwa, Balaji Baji Rao (1740–1761), made a whole series of raids from the Deccan to the north and east. Inside the Deccan, the power of the Marathas increased at the expense of the Muslim Nizam (after two wars waged with him). The main centers of them were at this time Pune and Nagpur.
In 1741–1742, the Nagpur branch of the Marathas Union (the so-called Bhonsle) devastated Lower Bengal, but was beaten off. In 1743, the raid was repeated, and from that time the fertile areas of the Lower Ganges, despite the strife between the Pun and Nagpur Marathas, became a source of income for Bhonsle. In 1751 they received the right to tax (1/4 of the collection) from Lower Bengal and all of Orissa. In North India, they even raided Punjab and incurred the wrath of Ahmed Shah Durani, who took possession of this area.
Under Panipat in 1761, the Marathas were defeated by the combined forces of the Afghans and the Muslim rulers of the northern provinces that nominally belonged to the Moguls.
The fourth Peshwa, Madhu Rao (1761-1772), took over the reign at that moment. Now I had to defend myself from the Muslim rulers of Hyderabad and Mysore, and from Bhonsla in Berara. It seemed that the union of the Marathas would disintegrate, both from external failures and from internal discord. Both in 1743 and now the Marathas of Pune and Nagpur entered into an internecine struggle with each other. As early as 1761, in Malwa and the neighboring regions (now separated between Indore and Gwalior ), two other branches separated themselves, under the leadership of Golkar and Sindhya, respectively . In the Battle of Panipat, Golkar, the head of the Indore party, left the battlefield when he noticed that happiness changed the Marathas, and thus made their defeat complete. The value of Peshva is now only slightly larger than the nominal one.
His younger brother Narayan Rao, who succeeded him in 1772 (the fifth Peshwa), was soon killed on the orders of his uncle Raghuba, who took his place. The Peshwa dynasty was descended from the Brahmins, and their army itself consisted of the Hindu of the lower castes. Thus, all Maratha leaders who attained independence, like Golkar and Sindhya, were lower than Peshwa by origin, although they were stronger than de facto.
Golkar was descended from a shepherd shepherd, Sindhya from a peddler of shoes. After the Battle of Panipat, the Marathas did not undertake anything for a while, but little by little over the next 10 years they again took possession of Malva, Rajputana, the regions of Jat and Rogill from Punjab to Oud (1761-1771).
In 1771, the nominal sultan of Delhi, Shah Alam, whom Sindhya and Golkar were nominally held on the throne, but in fact held captive, until 1803–1804, when they were defeated by the British, was transferred to them. Both dynasties, Sindhya and Golkar, still retain power over one of the most fertile parts of the Malwa. Bhonsla (in Berara and Central. Provinces) also engaged in raids (on B) from Nagpur and in 1751 took tribute from Bengal and seized Orissa. Only the acquisition of Lower Bengal by the British (1756-1765) put an end to their raids. In 1803, the British troops drove them out of Orissa, and in 1817 their force was finally broken by the British. Since then, their main areas were under the supervision of British residents. In 1853, the last Raghuji of Bhonsla, who left no male heirs, died, and the areas of the Nagpur Marathas were inherited by the English.
The fourth Maratha dynasty, Baroda , owned the Gujarat, the northwestern Bombay coast and the adjoining floor of the Katyavar. In 1817 (the last war of the English with the Marathas) in Baroda ruled the house of Gaekwars under the supervision of an English resident. In 1874, the ruling Gaekvar was tried by the supreme court of three Englishmen and three natives on charges of attempting to poison the resident and was deposed. In his place was planted one of the impoverished descendants of the founder of the dynasty. The British waged only three wars with the Marathas.
The first (1779–1781) was caused by the internal turmoil of the Marathas: the sixth Peshwa, Madhu Rao Narayan, was born after the death of his father Narayan Rao and under unusual circumstances. During his short life (21 years), the reign was in the hands of his pestun, Nana Farnavis. Raghub (the uncle and the alleged murderer of his father) challenged the legality of his birth and he himself sought the title of Peshwa. Nana Farnavis called for help from the French, and Raghuba united with the British. As a result, there was a war that ended in a treaty in Salbay ( 1782 ), under which the Salsetta and Elephant Islands (near Bombay), together with two others, were ceded to the British.
Raghub received a good pension, and young Peshwa was recognized in his rights, which, however, he did not use for long (he committed suicide). He was succeeded by his cousin, Badji Rao II (1795–1817), the seventh and last Peshwa.
The strengthening of the northern Marathas (Golkar dynasty) forced him to seek British patronage; under the treaty in Basseine (1802), he agreed to let the British troops into their possessions to protect them. The Northern Marathas set out to destroy this treaty, the consequence of which was the Second Marathi War (1802-1804). General Wellesley (then Duke of Wellington) defeated the Marathas in the south, and General Lake (Lake) acted in the north.
In 1804, the Marathi were finally defeated at Dige. As a result, the British acquired vast areas, the influence of the French in India finally fell; moreover, the (nominally) throne of the Delhi emperor was restored under the English protectorate. In 1817 - 1818 , Peshva, Golkar and Bhonsla raised, each for their own fear, weapons against the British and were again defeated, and the power of the Marathas was finally crushed. Badji Rao surrendered to the British, and his lands were annexed to the Bombay presidency. Captive Peshva was established in Bithur, in northern India, with a rich lifetime pension. His adopted son, better known under the name of Nana Sahib, later played a very prominent role in the revolt of sepoys in 1857.
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Links
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