Project 82 cruisers [1] , also known as heavy cruisers of the Stalingrad type, are the type of the world's largest heavy cruisers (according to the official Soviet classification), built for the Soviet Navy in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The project was based on the project 83 cruiser [2] (the heavy cruiser Lutzov purchased in Germany). The initiator of the construction of cruisers of the "Stalingrad" type was personally I.V. Stalin . After his death, the construction of cruisers was discontinued.
| Cruisers of the project 82 | |
|---|---|
| Project | |
| A country |
|
| Main characteristics | |
| Displacement | 36,500 tons (standard), 43,000 tons (full) |
| Length | 250.5 m |
| Width | 31.6 m |
| Draft | 9.7 m |
| Reservation | 200 mm - board, up to 323 mm - towers, 90 ... 110 mm - deck |
| Engines | 12 steam boilers, 4 steam turbines, 4 × GTZA TV-4 |
| Power | 280,000 liters from. (206 Mw ) |
| Mover | four |
| Speed | 15 knots (economic), 34 knots (maximum) |
| Sailing range | 5000 nautical miles at a speed of 15 knots |
| Crew | 1481 people |
| Armament | |
| Artillery | 3 × 3 - 305 mm / 61 AU (SM-31), 6 × 2 - 130 mm / 60 AU (BL-109A) |
| Flak | 6 × 4 - 45 mm / 78 ( SM-20-ZIF ) 10 × 4 - 25 mm / 79 (BL-120) |
Content
- 1 Artillery
- 2 Ships Series
- 3 Features of national classification
- 4 Project Evaluation
- 5 Artillery Features
- 6 notes
- 7 Literature
- 8 References
Artillery
- Main caliber
Three tower installations SM-31 were envisaged. Each turret was armed with three cannons SM-33 caliber 305 mm and a barrel length of 61 caliber. The gun had a firing range of 53 km (with a projectile mass of 467 kg). A shell was also developed weighing 230.5 kg, with the possibility of firing at a range of over 120 km at coastal areal targets (cities, large naval bases) [3] .
Ships Series
- "Stalingrad" (serial number 400). Enlisted in the Navy of the USSR on August 31, 1951. Laid on December 31, 1951 at the factory number 444 ( Nikolaev ). By order No. 00112 of the Minister of Transport and Heavy Engineering, I. I. Nosenko, dated April 18, 1953, construction was discontinued. In June 1953, it was decided to use part of the hull, including the citadel , as a full-scale experimental compartment to test the resistance of the ship's structural protection to the effects of new types of naval weapons. In 1954, the converted compartment was launched and in 1956-1957 was used as a target for testing cruise missiles, artillery shells, aerial bombs and torpedoes. As a result of all tests, the compartment did not lose buoyancy in the complete absence of forces and means of struggle for survivability.
- "Moscow" (serial number 406). Listed on the Navy of the USSR on April 30 1951. Laid down in September 1952 on the slipway “A” of plant No. 189 (“Baltic Plant named after S. Ordzhonikidze”, Leningrad). April 18, 1953 removed from construction and transferred to Glavvtorchermet for dismantling and cutting for metal.
- Case number 3 (no name assigned, serial number 401). Laid down in October 1952 at the factory number 402 ( Molotovsk ).
Features of the national classification
According to the western classification of artillery ships, Stalingrad belongs to the class of battle cruisers , which usually included ships with a displacement of more than 20,000 tons and a gun caliber of 280 mm or more, which, due to weak booking and high speed, did not fall into the class of battleships. By the end of the 1940s, when the "Stalingrad" was planned for construction, the class of battle cruisers had already left the historical arena. A relic of this class were also American cruisers of the Alaska type , called in the USA “large cruisers” (large cruiser) due to the absence of the battlecruiser class in the American classification by then.
A heavy cruiser according to Western classification is a ship with a gun caliber of 203 mm (the displacement of such ships ranged from 10,000 to 20,000 tons). In the USSR, not a single ship was built that fell into this category, although in the original project the cruiser of project 68 bis had to be armed with eight 203 mm guns.
Project Evaluation
The project 82 cruisers did not receive much support from the fleet command. The new naval minister, N. G. Kuznetsov , suggesting in the near future the appearance of guided anti-ship missiles in the USSR, expressed his opinion about this ship
A heavy, obscure ship. It is not visible that the end justifies the means. Very expensive ship ...
- Vasiliev A., Morin A. Superlinkors of Stalin. “Soviet Union”, “Kronstadt”, “Stalingrad”. [four]
In the course of development, the project underwent numerous alterations, which also did not go to its advantage. So, at the request of Stalin, in order to increase speed, the range and anti-aircraft artillery were reduced, which turned Project 82 into a kind of “coastal defense battle cruiser” [5]
The tactical niche of the heavy (actually linear) cruiser of the Stalingrad project was also very vague. Stalin had a different view on the purpose of ships of this class, suggesting their use for the fight against light cruisers.
We have nothing to get involved in battle with enemy heavy cruisers. The main task of a heavy cruiser should be different - the fight against light enemy cruisers. It is necessary to increase its speed to 35 knots, so that it induces panic in the enemy’s light cruisers, disperses them and smashes them. This cruiser must fly like a swallow, be a pirate, a real bandit. He must escape from the attack of heavy enemy ships.
- Vasiliev A., Morin A. Superlinkors of Stalin. “Soviet Union”, “Kronstadt”, “Stalingrad”. [5]
Artillery Features
- Ready-made rotary support devices of the main caliber gun turrets were used in the construction of the ADU-1000 antenna systems of the Pluton long-range space communications complex [6] .
- The unique 305-mm gun SM-33 for three-gun turret installations SM-31 heavy cruisers of the Stalingrad type, Project 82, had a range of 53 km with a conventional high-explosive projectile (weight 467 kg) and 127.3 km with a special long-range projectile (developed by NII-24 1954 city of damn 5219, weight 230.5 kg).
- Before the trip to the USA, N. Khrushchev, all work on ultra-long, as well as on heavy artillery in general, was stopped.
Notes
- ↑ Vasiliev A.M., Morin A. B. Superlinkers of Stalin. “Soviet Union”, “Kronstadt”, “Stalingrad”. - M .: Collection, Yauza, EKSMO, 2008. - S. 74 et al. - 3500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-28259-3 .
- ↑ Heavy cruisers of the "Stalingrad" type
- ↑ Work on the creation of ultra-long-range guns . Site "Encyclopedia of Artillery". Date of treatment September 11, 2009.
- ↑ Vasiliev A., Morin A. Superlinkors of Stalin. “Soviet Union”, “Kronstadt”, “Stalingrad”. - S. 88.
- ↑ 1 2 Vasiliev A., Morin A. Superlinkors of Stalin. “Soviet Union”, “Kronstadt”, “Stalingrad”. - S. 82.
- ↑ Chertok B.E. Missiles and people. Fili - Fingerprints - Turatam . - M .: Mechanical Engineering, 1999. - T. 2. - S. 301. - 448 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-217-02935-8 .
Literature
- Vasiliev A.M., Morin A. B. Superlinkors of Stalin. “Soviet Union”, “Kronstadt”, “Stalingrad” . - M .: Collection, Yauza, EKSMO, 2008 .-- 112 p. - 3500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-28259-3 . Archived July 8, 2009 on Wayback Machine