Clapperboard , or numerator ( English Clapperboard ) - a tool used when shooting film and television films for subsequent synchronization of the image and sound recorded on independent film-making and recording devices. In addition, the clapperboard is used to systematize the footage and recorded phonograms , indicating the numbers of the shot scenes and takes [1] . In the Soviet-era cinema, clapperboard work and recording scenes were conducted by an assistant director [2] . Modern film production technology provides for this purpose a second assistant operator ( English Second Camera Assistant ) [1] .
Content
- 1 Description
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
Description
To shoot each film on one or more boards used for work, a permanent inscription with the working name of the picture is applied. Before shooting each scene, the caption contains the number of the editing frame and take, as well as other service information, which may include the name of the director , operator , emulsion number of the film and cassettes , the lens used, filters, and other technical parameters. The latter is necessary to determine the optimal parameters for further color correction and the causes of marriage in the event of its occurrence. During the shooting of each take, after starting the movie camera (“Motor!” Command) and the sound signal about the beginning of the synchronous movement of the camera and sound recorders, the assistant places a clapper board with inscriptions in front of the lens and clearly pronounces the basic data about the scene and take aloud, after which produces one cotton and removes the board from the frame [2] . As a result, the frame and take numbers are recorded in the phonogram and image. In some cases, when it is impossible to shoot a cracker at the beginning of the frame, it is removed before the Stop command [3] . Upon subsequent synchronization of the films with the image and sound on the sound editing table , the frame with the captured moment of the cracker’s impact (the beginning of the complete closure of its slats) and the sound of its click on the phonogram are combined [4] . Recording frame numbers and doubles allows you to select the corresponding piece of film and part of the original phonogram, eliminating confusion [5] . With silent shooting, the image of the clapperboard is taken to systematize the footage. In this case, cotton is not produced, but instead the hand is placed on top of or between parts of the board [3] .
The clapper consists of two parts: a board for marking with chalk or felt-tip pen information about the scene being shot and a bar attached to the hinge to produce a popping sound. At the dawn of the sound movie , two people performed the operation: one of them held a board with the name of the scene, and the other made cotton using two sticks connected by a hinge. The combination of these devices into a single whole made it possible to simplify the procedure and dispense with one employee instead of two. Traditionally, a clapperboard was made of a wooden board and a hinged bar. For ease of application and removal of inscriptions, the surface had a coating similar to a slate board . Nowadays, two wooden sticks connected by a hinge are attached over a white board or acrylic glass board, which eliminates the need for additional lighting from the camera. Sometimes the built-in backlight is used. There are crackers with a time code indicator on the digital LED display , which are synchronized from any source, for example, a camera. Popping sticks are traditionally painted in a contrasting diagonal strip for optimal distinguishability on the image negative .
Modern technologies make it possible to synchronize the image and sound without using a clapperboard: by start marks [6] or by the temporary SMPTE code [7] . However, organizing footage without using a whiteboard can be difficult. Therefore, a clapperboard is used to this day, performing the function of marking up the footage for scenes, takes and other parameters. The traditional “optical” film technology used a black board and white chalk for inscriptions. Digital Intermediate technology allows the use of a whiteboard and black marker . This is explained by the fact that on the negative the chalk inscription looks dark on a light background, which is convenient when selecting film segments for gluing. Modern digital editing takes place without physically gluing the film after scanning it . Recently, a ready-made image shot with a digital movie camera is even more often used, and in both cases, editing works with a positive image on the monitor , so a white board with black letters is more convenient.
See also
- Synchronized shooting
- Film Professionals
- Film crew
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Camera crew . Kodak . Date of treatment July 25, 2012. Archived on August 6, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Fundamentals of Film Production, 1975 , p. 124.
- ↑ 1 2 Motion picture editing technology, 1968 , p. 25.
- ↑ Magnetic recording in film technology, 1957 , p. 159.
- ↑ Filming techniques, 1988 , p. 10.
- ↑ Filming techniques, 1988 , p. 198.
- ↑ Time and assembly code SMPTE and its application in film production (Russian) // "Technique of cinema and television": magazine. - 1984. - No. 12 . - S. 63 .
Literature
- B. N. Konoplev . Fundamentals of film production / V. S. Bogatova. - 2nd ed .. - M .: "Art", 1975. - 448 p. - 5,000 copies.
- Ershov K.G. Filming techniques / S. M. Provornov. - L .: "Engineering", 1988. - 272 p. - ISBN 5-217-00276-0 .
- J. Butovsky, I. Wigdorchik. Technology for editing films / T. S. Zinoviev, L. O. Eisymont. - M.,: “Art”, 1968. - 127 p.
- A.I. Parfentiev. Magnetic recording in film technology / A. Kh. Jacobson. - M.,: “Art”, 1957. - 278 p.