A letter from Pagba-lama , ( Mong. Durvulzhin Seg , tulγur (dörbelǰin, pagba) bičig / üsüg , "square letter; letter Pagba"; tib. Т ཡིག་ གསར་པ་ , hor yig gsar pa , "a new Mongolian letter" ; Chinese reg . 蒙古 [新] 字 , pinyin : měnggǔ [xīn] zì , literally: “[a new] Mongolian letter;” Chinese reg . 八思巴 字 , pinyin : bāsībā zì , literally: “a Pagba letter”; Chinese trad. 國 字 , reg. 国 字 , pinyin : guó zì , literally: “national letter”; Chinese trad. 方 字 字 , p . 体 字 , pinyin : fāngtngzì , literally: “square letter”, whale. . trad 元國書/字, . exercise 元国书/字, pinyin : yuánguó shū / zì, literally: "Yuan letter") - in writing be type Abugida comes from Tibetan letters . She was created by the Tibetan Lama Drogon Chogyal Pagpa (in Russian literature of the Phagba Lama) for Kublai Khan , the Mongolian ruler of the Yuan dynasty in China , as a single letter for the languages of all peoples subordinate to the Yuan dynasty: Mongolian, Tibetan, Chinese, Sanskrit, ancient Uyurkur possibly Persian. The letter almost fell into disuse after the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty by the Minsk dynasty . A huge number of monuments of this letter survived, which allows modern linguists to get an idea of the phonetics and development of the Chinese language and other languages of the region in the 13th — 14th centuries.
Pagba Lama's Letter | |
---|---|
Type of letter | abugida |
Languages | Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Uygur |
Territory | China Yuan Dynasty |
Creator | Drogon Chogyal Pagpa |
date of creation | 1269 - about 1360 |
Origin | brahmi
|
Evolved into | not |
Related | lepcha , hangul (effect on individual signs) |
Unicode range | U + A840 – U + A87F |
ISO 15924 | Phag |
The imperial edict recorded Mongolian square letter | |
Content
History
The Mongolian letter of this period used the Uigur alphabet with minimal changes, which did not sufficiently reflect the phonetics of the Mongolian language. With the creation of a stable poly-ethnic state - the Yuan-Beijing empire, for the first time, it became the capital simultaneously for China, Korea, Tibet, Mongolia, Yunnan and other regions. As a result, the problem of written communication of the Mongol court and the multinational bureaucratic apparatus with native speakers with fundamentally different phonetic principles, primarily Chinese, emerged.
The Mongol khan and the emperor of the dynasty Yuan Kublai Khan turned to his spiritual mentor, a Tibetan monk, the head of the Sakya school, Pugba-lama, so that the latter created a new alphabet for the whole empire. Pagba used Indian traditional philology and familiar Tibetan writing and Indian writing on the basis of Devanagari so that it is also suitable for Chinese and Mongolian languages.
The resulting letter was known by several names, including the "Mongolian square letter."
Despite the origin of the letter, the texts of the Pagba-llama were not recorded horizontally, like a Tibetan letter, but vertically with the lines arranged from left to right, as in the Uyghur and Mongolian letters.
The letter fell out of use after the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368. According to linguists such as Gary Ledyard , this letter was one of the sources of the Korean Hangul letter [1] . In the 20th century, the letter of Pagba Lama was also used on Tibetan money, along with traditional Tibetan.
Forms
Unlike his ancestor, Tibetan writing, all letters of the letter were written sequentially (the combination / CV / was always written as CV , that is, the sign for the vowel followed the sign for the consonant, unlike Tibetan and many Indian scripts, where this principle was violated) and in the string (i.e., the signs for vowels were not diacritical). However, signs for vowels, as in the ancestral letter, had separate initial forms (as opposed to the vowel designations in open syllables beginning with a consonant), thus, the letter of Pugba Lama is a classic abuhid . As in the Tibetan language, a short / a / was written only at the very beginning of the word. The letters of the syllables in the letter were written together, forming syllabic blocks.
There was a number of graphic varieties of writing.
Unicode
In Unicode, 56 pagba letters were included in version 5.0 [2] in the range U + A840 to U + A877 under the name Mongolian square letter ( eng. Phags-pa ).
Notes
- Ed Ledyard, Gari K. The Korean Language Reform of 1446. Seoul: Shingu munhwasa, 1998 .; Ledyard, gari. "The International Linguistic Background for the Instruction of the People." In Young-Key Kim-Renaud, ed. The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1997.
- ↑ Unicode 5.0.0
See also
- Tibetan writing
- Mongolian letter
- Lepcha (letter)
- Hebrew square letter
Literature
- Baldanzhapov P. B. Jirüken-ü tolta-yin tayilburi. Mongolian grammatical composition of the XVIII century. Ulan-Ude, 1962.
- Dearinger D. Alphabet. M. 1963, 2004.
- Kara D. Books of Mongol nomads. M., 1972.
- Friedrich Y. Letter history. M. 2004.
- Introduction to the book N. Square by Poppe "Square writing". Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1941
- Sofronov M.V. To the study of square writing // Olon ulsyn Mongolch erdemniy III their Hural. II bot, Ulaanbaatar 1977
Links
- BabelStone: Phags-pa Script (with free fonts)
- Omniglot: Phags-pa script
- Ancientscripts: hPhags-pa
- Mongolian characters after Kubli-Khan (inaccessible link - history , copy )