Karluk Haganate

Education

The first information about Karluks belong to the V century. Initially, they occupied the territory between Altai and the eastern coast of Lake Balkhash. In the middle of the VII century , the Karluk association included: bulak, chigil, tashlyk. The title of leader of the association is Elteber .

In 742, the Karluks, together with the Uyghurs and Basmyls , opposed the East Turkic Kaganate. As a result, the Eastern Turks were defeated, and a new state appeared on the site of their Khaganate - the Uyghur Kaganate (744-840).

In 746, the Karluks were defeated by the Uyghur Kaganate and moved to Semirechye ^{[1] [4]} . In the middle of the VIII century, a war broke out between the Karluks and Oguzes for the Turgesh inheritance. The Oguzes in this struggle lost and went to the Syr Darya ^[4] , while the Karluks remained in Semirechye and created an early feudal state - the Karluk Haganate ^{[2] [3]} . The Karluk rulers began to bear the title of yabgu ( dzhabgu in the Karluk dialect ).

Political History

In 758, the Karluks launched an offensive in Semirechye against the Turgeshs. Seven years later, having captured Suyab , they moved their capital here. The Turgeshs partly obeyed, partly migrated to the east. The Karluk detachments quickly reached the western spurs of the Tien Shan, cleared Ferghana from the Arabs and the middle course of the Syr Darya. However, a series of victories due to the weakness of the enemy was soon replaced by heavy defeats.

In the years 766 - 775, the Karluks captured Kashgar , and at the end of the 8th century they extended their influence to Ferghana .

In 791, the Uighurs defeated the Karluks and Tibetans at Beshbalyk , and the following year, the Karluks were defeated by Arabs in Ferghana. In 798, the Western Karluks obeyed the Uyghurs, and in 812 the Jabgu suffered a complete defeat, and the Uyghur troops reached Ferghana, capturing a huge number of cattle and people. The Arabs took advantage of the situation and forced the jabgu to flee to the Irtysh . The Karluks were forced to submit to the Uyghurs.

In 840, the Yenisei Kyrgyz defeated the Uyghur Kaganate , the Karluks managed to free themselves. The Uighurs were forced to relocate to the Turpan oasis and to the Ganzhou area. In this situation, the Karluks declared their independence, and the Karluk jabgu ruler of Ispidzhab Bilge Kul Kadir Khan openly declared his rights to the supreme power, adopting the new title of Kagan ^{[2] [3]} .

The strengthening of the Karluks concerned the established Samanid dynasty in Central Asia. The ruler of Samarkand declared a "holy war" against the Turks. At the end of the 9th century, Arabs captured Ispidzhab and attacked Taraz . After a long siege, the city fell, the population converted to Islam ^[3] . The Hagan’s headquarters moved from Taraz to Kashgar ^{[2] [4]} .

The history of the Karluk Haganate was short-lived. In 940, the capital of the state of Balasagun was captured by the Turks of East Turkestan - Chigil and Yagma - and the Karluk Kaganate ceased to exist ^{[2] [3]} . In Semirechye, power passes to a new dynasty - the Karakhanids , who for a long time were able to unite the Karluk and Turgesh tribes of Zhetysu and the valleys of the Syr Darya.

Part of the Karluks migrated over the Ili River and there they created a new state - the Karluk Khanate with its capital in Koylyk .

Community structure

Karluk Haganate was a system where the tribes owned the inheritance. This prevented the centralization of power and the power of the Karluk Jabgu was nominal. The specific rulers who led large tribes sought to consolidate their virtually independent possessions.

The state had a military-administrative system of government, there was social and class inequality, the society was divided into rich and poor. Most of the population consisted of clan communes who were dependent on those in power. The system of the dominant aristocracy had a strict hierarchy. The clans and tribes of the Karluks were divided according to their importance.

The ruling Karluk nobility owned not only pastures, but also urban centers, so in the 10th century Persian geographical work “Khudud al-Alam” it is mentioned that there are 25 cities and settlements in the Karluk country, among them: Taraz , Kulan , Merke , Atlalig, Tuzun, Balig, Baryshan, Sikul, Talgar (Talkhiz) and others. The capital and most of the Karluk cities were located along the Great Silk Road and were important cultural and economic centers ^[4] .

• Tom Bilge - Yabgu of the Karluk Haganate (since 766)
• Bilge Kul Kadir Khan (840-880) - ruler of Ispidzhab , kagan of Karluk khanate
• Bazaar Arslan Khan (880-910)
• Ogushlak Kadir Khan (910–920)
• Satuk Bogra Khan ( 920 - 955 ) - the founder of the dynasties and the first Khakan of the Karakhanids

Arab and Persian sources suggest that the Karluk association consisted of numerous tribal groups. The Arab geographer al-Marwazi ( XII century ) notes that the Karluk confederation included 9 tribes. The largest Karluk tribes in Semirechye and Southern Kazakhstan are: Tuskhs , Chigili , Azkish , Turgesh , Khalaji , Charuki , Barskhans ^{[2] [3]} .

The population also included Iranian-speaking Sogdians , immigrants from the Middle East and Central Asia.

• Kusainova M.A. History of Kazakhstan. - Shyk Kitap, 2006 .-- S. 354. - ISBN 9965-9784-4-1 .

• Baipakov K.M., Kumekov B.E. , Pishchulina K.A. History of Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages. - second. - Almaty: Rauan, 1997 .-- S. 176. - ISBN 5-625-03342-0 .

• Karluki
• Karluk Khanate
• Karakhanids
• Karakhanid state