Humayun

In 1530, Humayun inherited the Indian possessions of his father Babur. His dominion over the Afghans and Rajputs was ephemeral, and the Sultan of Gujarat Bahadur Shah openly began to encroach on the possessions of the young padishah and in 1531 captured Malava . In 1535, Humayun’s troops occupied Gujarat, but the war continued until the death of Bahadur Shah two years later.

Meanwhile, former military leader Babur Sher Khan, who became the Bihar ruler under the name of Sher Shah, defied Khumayunu. Previously, Khumayun defeated him during the siege of Chunar in 1531, but over time, Sher Khan gathered under his banner Pashtun Afghan tribes, dissatisfied with the power of the Mughal dynasty, and with their help gained control of Bengal by 1538. The Bengal sultan Mahmud Shah fled to Humayun, who soon led an impressive army and invaded Bengal and returned its capital, Gaur. However, nine months later, Humayun left Bengal, and Sher Khan again went on the offensive.

After the defeats at Chaus ( June 27, 1539 ) and near Canaudj ( spring 1540 ), Humayun, leaving Delhi and Agra , was forced to cede the Indian possessions to Sher Shah and seek salvation first in Lahore , then in Sinda , where his son Akbar was born, then in Marwar , however, the Hindu ruler of the latter, Maldeva Rathor, went over to the side of Sher Shah. Humayun retreated even further, to Kabul and Kandahar , hoping to return his throne from there. However, the tensions between his three brothers did not contribute to this, and Humayun had to seek refuge in Iran.

In 1544, he secured the support of the Safavid Shah Tahmasp I , in exchange for which he had to switch from Sunnism to Shiism . The following year, Sher Shah died from an explosion of his own ammunition during the siege of Kalanjar fortress, and Humayun launched a campaign to return to India. To begin with, he took from his brother Kamran-Mirza Kandahar and Kabul . In the years 1545-1550, during the period of the struggle with Kamran, he had to leave Kabul twice.

After the death of Sher Shah, his heirs quarreled with each other, which Humayun did not fail to take advantage of. In February 1555, he took possession of Lahore and, defeating the Sridrian ruler Sikandar Shah III , in July regained Agra and Delhi .

Humayun hosted the Ottoman expedition of Sadi Ali-reis . Like many of his ancestors, Humayun was not indifferent to astrology and astronomy . Once, when he was coming down from the library with a stack of books, the azan sounded. The pious ruler tried to kneel, but became entangled in the floors of his dress and rolled head over heels down the stairs. He died from a traumatic brain injury several days later.

The description of Khumayun’s life was made by his sister Gulbadan-begim . The tomb of Humayun in Delhi is considered the prototype of the Taj Mahal built by his great-grandson Shah Jahan and is a World Heritage Site .

Unlike his father and son, Humayun was not distinguished by outstanding administrative abilities. Carried away by more Persian poetry than the subtleties of management, Humayun clothed his organizational considerations in very unexpected poeticized forms. A striking example of this is the organization of the government established by Humayun, which consisted of four departments: the "Office of Fire", which led military affairs; "Water Authority", which provided for the organization of irrigation and the supply of wine to the yard; "Office of the land", dealing with taxation and management of state-owned Halis land; "Air Office", in charge of the affairs of the Muslim clergy, court poetry and historiography ^[1] .

From different wives, Humayun had 4 sons and 8 daughters, many of whom died at an early age or in infancy ^[2] :

• (from c. 1527) Sahib's Begum-Begum (Haji-Begum) (1511-1582), the main wife of the Padishah, daughter of Yadgar-Mirza Tagay;
  • Shahzade Alaman-Mirza (b. 1528, d. in infancy)
• (from 1539) Gulbarg-begum Sahib (d. after 1543), daughter of Haji Nizam ad-din Ali Barlas Khalifa, vizier of Padishah Babur;
• (c ????) Banu-begum Sahib ;
• (since 1541) Nawab Hamida Banu Begum Sahib (Nawab Haji Begum, Mariam Makani) (1527-1604), daughter of the Persian Shiite Sheikh Ali-Akbar Jami;
  • padishah Jalal ad-din Muhammad Akbar I (1542-1605)
• (since 1546) Mah-i-Kuchuk-begum Sahib (death. 1564), sister of Bayram-oglan from Argun;
  • Shahzade Muhammad Farrukh-Fal-Mirza (1547-1553)
  • Shahzade Muhammad Hakim Mirza (1553-1585), Subadar of Kabul (1556-1581)
• (from 1552), Shahzad Khanum , daughter of Timurid Sulayman Shah-Mirza , Amir Badakhshan;
• (from until 1556) the eldest daughter of Jamal Khan Mevatsky .

• B. Gascoigne. Veliky Mughal. M. 2004.
• History of the East. T. III. East at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern times. XVI — XVIII centuries (the main editorial board chaired by R.B. Rybakov). - Moscow: Publishing company "Oriental literature" RAS, 2000. - S. 151-153. - 696 p. - (Scientific publication). - ISBN 5-02-018102-1 .
• Humayun Biography (Humayun-name)
• Cambridge History of India , Vol. III & IV, Turks and Afghan and The Mughal Period. (Cambridge) 1928.
• Banerji SK Humayun Badshah. Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press.