Bunchuk ( Crimean-Tat. Buncuk ) - a shaft with the tail of a horse or yak tied, which served in the XV - XVIII centuries as a sign of power .
In Eastern Europe, this symbol of power gained distribution after the Tatar-Mongol invasion [1] [2] [3] . Bunchuk is a word of Turkic origin. Bunchuk was used by the Ottomans instead of the standard . The same word refers to a special musical instrument .
Content
- 1 History
- 1.1 Ottoman Empire
- 1.1.1 Description of the Ottoman Bunchuk
- 1.2 Commonwealth
- 1.3 Cossacks
- 1.4 Azerbaijani khanates
- 1.1 Ottoman Empire
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
History
Ottoman Empire
Before the Ottoman pasha , who served as the vizier , that is, the minister of the sultan , they wore a bunchuk, at the end of which there were three horse tails (thus, the vizier had the title of a three-bunched pasha). The single-bunched pasha (foreman) corresponded to the Major General of the army of the Russian Empire (rank IV class “ Table of Ranks ” of 1722 ), the two-bunkered (ferik, divisional commander) - to the lieutenant general (III class), the three-bunkered ( mushir ) - to the general-general ( II class). In the civil service, the mushir corresponded to a vizier, the feric - a runlerbeg [4] . In front of the sultan they carried a bunchuk with seven tails. In the Ottoman Empire, the bunchuk was used until the introduction of combat troops and was designated by the word tug , or kutas [5] . Wearing the Bunchuk was the duty of the silihdars (squire), which in this case were called Tugji [6] .
Description of the Ottoman Bunchuk
A tug , or bunchuk , is a ponytail mounted on a cylindrical, hollow inside and therefore a very light shaft made of soft wood. At the upper end of the pole, a metal ball was most often placed, sometimes a crescent . Below was attached a simple or braided horse tail, which was painted in blue, red and black. At the point of tail attachment, the shaft was fitted with horse and camel hair. Hair was dyed in various colors and sometimes made up a very beautiful pattern, and the shaft itself was decorated with oriental ornaments [7] .
Commonwealth
The custom of the Bunchuk passed from the Ottoman Empire to the Commonwealth . In the campaigns of the Poles against the Ottomans and Tatars , they also wore bunchuk - in front of the full hetman with one tail, in front of the great crown hetman - with two tails. Jan III Sobieski was so used to the bunchuk that, becoming king , he always went camping with the bunchuk.
Cossacks
The custom of wearing a bunchuk was also among the Cossacks in Ukraine , where they were worn before the hetman and the Zaporozhye chieftains . The hetman had several bunchuk, but he used only one mace . Bunchuk were worn in front of the hetman in his campaigns. Also, the bunchuk were exhibited in front of the hetman's camping tent. [8]
Azerbaijani Khanates
In the era of Azerbaijani khanates, khans carried a bunchuk, which among the Turkic peoples symbolized the right to power. For example, the bunchuk of Javad Khan, the Khan of the Ganja Khanate, has survived to our times.
See also
- Bunchukovy comrade
- Prapor
- Standard
Notes
- ↑ V.V. Boguslavsky E.I. Kuksina Slavic Encyclopedia. XVII century ISBN 5-85197-167-3
- ↑ "ponytail descending from a crescent-shaped tip; symbol of supreme power; hetman's baton ”(Gogol) Fasmer’s etymological Russian dictionary
- ↑ "She loved the horse system, And the swearing ringing of the timpani, and the clique Before the bunchuk and the mace of the Little Russian ruler ..." Pushkin "Poltava"
- ↑ PASHA . EncBook.ru. Date of treatment May 14, 2010. Archived March 21, 2012.
- ↑ Bunchuk // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Boeheim, 1995 , p. 370
- ↑ Wendelin Boeheim . Part III. Military attributes - Banners // Encyclopedia of weapons = Handbuch der Waffenkunde / Ed. S.V. Eremenko. - SPb. : JSC “St. Petersburg Orchestra”, 1995. - S. 370. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-87685-029-2 .
- ↑ Bunchuk
Literature
- L.V. Belovinsky . Bunchuk // Illustrated encyclopedic historical and everyday dictionary of the Russian people. XVIII - beginning of XIX century / ed. N. Ereminoy . - M .: Eksmo, 2007 .-- S. 70. - 784 p.: - Ill. from. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-24458-4 .