Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle (original name is Grigory Vigdorovich Tarle ; ( October 27 ( November 8 ), 1874 , Kiev - January 5, 1955 , Moscow ) - Russian and Soviet historian , teacher, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927).
Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle | ||||||||||
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Grigory Vigdorovich Tarle | ||||||||||
Eugene Tarle at the Lesgaft Courses, 1903. | ||||||||||
Date of Birth | October 27 ( November 8 ) 1874 | |||||||||
Place of Birth | Kiev , Russian Empire | |||||||||
Date of death | January 5, 1955 (aged 80) | |||||||||
Place of death | Moscow , RSFSR , USSR | |||||||||
A country | Russian Empire , the USSR | |||||||||
Scientific field | story | |||||||||
Place of work | Moscow State University | |||||||||
Alma mater | Kiev University ( 1896 ) | |||||||||
supervisor | I.V. Luchitsky | |||||||||
Famous students | L. E. Kertman , A. I. Milk | |||||||||
Awards and prizes | ||||||||||
Biography
Eugene Tarle was born into a Jewish family [1] , was named Gregory. Father, Vigdor Grigorievich Tarle, was a merchant of the second guild, but was mainly engaged in raising children; served as the manager of a store owned by a Kiev company, and his wife Rozaliya Arnoldovna was managed there. He owned German and even translated Dostoevsky . Mother came from a family in whose history there were many connoisseurs and interpreters of the Talmud . Tarle's childhood and early youth passed in Kherson , where the family owned a house on the corner of Potemkinskaya and Suvorovskaya streets [2] [3] . He graduated from the first Kherson gymnasium (1892). In Odessa , at the elder sister’s house, he met the famous Byzantine historian professor (later academician) F. I. Uspensky . On his advice and recommendations, Tarle was admitted to the Imperial Novorossiysk University . Ouspensky brought Tarle with his future teacher - professor at the University of St. Vladimir (Kiev) Ivan Vasilievich Luchitsky . In the second academic year, Tarle transferred to Kiev. [4] In Kiev, in August 1893, Tarle was baptized according to the Orthodox rite in St. Sophia Cathedral [5] and was named Eugene.
The reason for the adoption of Orthodoxy was romantic: since the time of the gymnasium, Tarle loved a very religious Russian girl from a noble family - Lyol (Olga Grigoryevna) Mikhailova, and so that they could connect, he converted to Orthodoxy. Together they lived for 60 years. [4] Tarle never hid his ethnic background. His phrase “... I am not a Frenchman, but a Jew, and my last name is pronounced Tarle”, which he uttered during the first lecture on the modern history of Europe and North America to the first course of the historical and international faculty of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the fall of 1951, became famous ( the anti-Semitic campaign took place, the case of “killer doctors” was not far off, officially, according to the “fifth point” in the questionnaire, there was not a single Jew in MGIMO then ... ”) [6]
Like many students at Kiev University at that time (for example, like Berdyaev ), he went to Marxist circles of social democrats . There Tarle made presentations, participated in discussions, “went to the people” - to the workers of Kiev factories. On May 1, 1900, Tarle was arrested along with other members of the circle in a student apartment during Lunacharsky ’s report on Heinrich Ibsen [7] and was sent under the surveillance of the police at the place of residence of his parents to Kherson. As a "politically unreliable", he was forbidden to teach at imperial universities and in state gymnasiums [8] . A year later he was allowed to defend his master's thesis. His master's thesis on the English utopian Thomas More (1901) was written in the spirit of “legal Marxism” .
In 1903, after petitions supported by prominent professors, the police allowed Tarle to teach on an hourly basis as a privat-docent at St. Petersburg University [9] . In February 1905, he was arrested again for participating in a student gathering and again removed from teaching at the university.
On October 18, 1905, Tarle was wounded by horse gendarmes at a rally at the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg. The rally was dedicated to the support of Tsar Nicholas II and his manifesto on "civil liberties" of October 17, 1905. The manifesto pardoned all the unreliable, and Tarle returned to St. Petersburg University. [6]
In 1909-1910 he was a “competent person” (expression of the security department) at the Social Democratic faction in the State Duma of the 3rd convocation , dealing with economic and financial issues (at the time of writing the note, “sent abroad”) [10] .
“The circle of his communication was made by A. Dostoevskaya and S. Platonov , N. Kareev and A. Dzhivelegov , A. Amphitheatres and F. Sologub , P. and V. Shchegolev, V. Korolenko and A. Koni , N. Roerich and I. Grabar , K. Chukovsky and L. F. Panteleev and many others. " [four]
Academic career
He graduated from the historical and philological faculty of Kiev University ( 1896 ). Thesis: "Peasants in Hungary before the reform of Joseph II." In February 1900, the Academic Council of the University of Kiev awarded Tarle the academic title of Privatdocent. His master's thesis ( 1901 ) was published as a separate book, and in 1902, based on Tarle's dissertation, published in the liberal-populist magazine of V. G. Korolenko “ Russian wealth ” the article “On the Limits of Historical Foresight”. He paid much attention to the search for materials in libraries and archives. From 1898 to 1914 he regularly visited the archives of Germany and France to study manuscripts and other archival documents.
In 1903 - 1917 (with a short break in 1905) privat-docent of St. Petersburg University . In 1911 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the basis of a two-volume study "The working class in France in the era of the Revolution." In 1913 - 1918 at the same time professor at the University of Yuriev ( Tartu ). Since 1918, Tarle - one of the three leaders of the Petrograd branch of the Central Archive of the RSFSR. In October 1918 he was elected an ordinary professor at Petrograd University (and then Leningrad), then he became a professor at Moscow University and lives in Moscow (until his arrest).
On December 10, 1921 he was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Department of Historical Sciences and Philology, and on May 7, 1927 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences . [eleven]
He was awarded the Stalin Prize (first degree) of 1942 for the collective work “ History of Diplomacy ”, vol. I, published in 1941. Honorary Doctor of Universities in Brno , Prague , Oslo , Algeria , Sorbonne , corresponding member of the British Academy (1944), full member of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and the Philadelphia Academy of Political and Social Sciences.
He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Repression and official criticism
After the February Revolution of 1917, Tarle immediately went to serve the "young democracy ". He (like the poet A. Blok ) is included in the number of members of the Extraordinary Investigation Commission of the Provisional Government on the crimes of the tsarist regime . In June 1917, Tarle was a member of the Russian official delegation at the international conference of pacifists and socialists in Stockholm .
Tarle is wary of the October Revolution . In the days of the " Red Terror " Tarle in 1918 in the liberal publishing house "Bylo" published a book: "The revolutionary tribunal in the era of the French Revolution (memoirs of contemporaries and documents)."
In the fall of 1929 - in the winter of 1931, the OGPU on the "Academic Affairs" of Academician S.F. Platonov arrested a group of famous historians. Y. V. Gautier , V. I. Pichet , S. B. Veselovsky , E. V. Tarle, B. A. Romanov , N. V. Izmailov , S. V. Bakhrushin , A. I. Andreev , A were involved I. Diamonds and others, a total of 115 people. The OGPU accused them of conspiring to overthrow the Soviet regime . E.V. Tarle in the new Cabinet was supposedly the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. The USSR Academy of Sciences expelled those arrested from its composition.
E.V. Tarle was also accused of membership in the "Industrial Party" . [12] By the decision of the college of the OGPU of August 8, 1931, E. V. Tarle was exiled to Alma-Ata . There he began to write his Napoleon. On March 17, 1937, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR withdrew the conviction of E.V. Tarle, and soon he was reinstated as an academician. However, on June 10, 1937, Pravda and Izvestia published devastating reviews of the book Napoleon. In particular, it was called "a vivid example of an enemy sortie" [13] . Despite this, E.V. Tarle was forgiven, presumably at the personal initiative of Stalin [14] .
In 1945, the journal of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Bolshevik , criticized his work Crimean War [15] . The author of the article, designated as “Yakovlev N.” wrote, in particular: “Many of the provisions and conclusions of Academician Tarle raise serious objections. Some important questions regarding the nature and consequences of the Crimean War were circumvented by him or are being resolved incorrectly. <...> he gives an incorrect assessment of the outcome of the war, believing that tsarist Russia in the Crimean War, in essence, was not defeated ” [16] . The Slavonic and East European Review, a London-based academic journal, published a review of the Crimean War book authored by college professor All Souls B. Sumner, stating that this is “the most important contribution to the study of the history of the Crimean War made by a Russian historian after publication in 1912 the year of Zayonchkovsky ’s work. ” [17] Subsequently, Tarle's opinion that the defeat of Russia was diplomatic and not military (and that Russia had every chance of winning the war of attrition ) was supported by A. I. Fursov [18] .
During the war years
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. E.V. Tarle was evacuated to Kazan , where he worked as a professor in the Department of History (1941-1943) at the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan State University named after V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin (KSU) . Along with his pedagogical activities at KSU, Evgeny Viktorovich worked on the preparation of the Crimean War monograph and gave public lectures on historical and patriotic topics for workers of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .
S. M. Golitsyn in his memoirs “Notes of a homeless person” [19] writes
In the newspapers, I finally read that the Western Front was broken, we left Vyazma, Sychevka and Rzhev, and the enemy approached the distant approaches of Moscow.
And I also read the basement - an article by Academician Tarle. The helpful historian, recalling the 129th anniversary of the French invasion, proved the correctness of Kutuzov’s strategy, who decided to leave Moscow, but save the army. I really did not like this article.
Member of the commission to investigate the crimes of the Nazi invaders (1942).
Awards and Prizes
- 3 orders of Lenin
- 2 orders of the Red Banner of Labor (including 10.06.1945)
- medals
- Stalin Prize of the first degree (1942) - for the book " History of Diplomacy ", vol. I, published in 1941
- Stalin Prize of the first degree (1943) - for the scientific work "Crimean War", published in 1942
- Stalin Prize of the first degree (1945) - for the scientific work "History of Diplomacy" vol. II — III
Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad
- 1915-1922 - Sadovaya street, 129; [20]
- 1922-1923 - 44 Ligovsky Prospect ;
- 1923-1930, 1933-1941, 1945-1955 - embankment on January 9 (1905) , 30.
Memory
- A memorial plaque (sculptor R. V. Melik-Hakobyan, architect V. S. Vasilkovsky) was unveiled in 1970 at Palace Embankment 30, in 1970 [21] .
- In Kherson there is Academician Tarle street.
Scientific and literary activity
Tarle, who had taken leading positions in Russian historical science even before the revolution, was later one of the most authoritative historians of the USSR. In the 1920s, Tarle, S. F. Platonov and A. E. Presnyakov began to create their own “Historical Library: Russia and the West in the Past”. Participates in 1923 in the international historical congress in Brussels and in 1928 in the congress in Oslo . In 1927, he published his course “Europe in the Age of Imperialism, 1871-1919,” which caused great irritation among official Marxists . He played a large role in the collaboration of Soviet and French historians, which is very much appreciated by the latter [22] . In 1926, with the active participation of Tarle, the first scientific committee on relations with scientists of the USSR was created in Paris, which included such world luminaries as P. Langevin , A. Mathieu , A. Mason and other major French scientists.
The most famous was his monograph Napoleon , written in a popularizing style. Written with brilliant literary talent, it still remains one of the most popular works about Napoleon. O. Ken in his critical analysis characterizes the image of Napoleon in Tarle: “The demands that Tarle presented to the figure of Napoleon when creating a literary hero led to artistic archaization, a semi-conscious stylization of the narrative under the heroic epic” [23] .
Of great importance in historical science are the works of Tarle "Europe in the era of imperialism", "Napoleon's Invasion of Russia", "Crimean War". Tarle's works are characterized by a certain liberty in relation to historical facts [24] , admitted for the sake of a lively, exciting style of presentation, representing Tarle in a number of works more as a historical writer than a historian. Strictly historical works are not devoid of ideological distortions inevitable for the scientific works of the Stalin period, but nevertheless remain brilliant monuments of historical thought, which have retained their significance for science [25] .
In 1942, his work “Hitlerism and the Napoleonic Epoch”, written in the journalistic genre, was published; the book praised Napoleon as a great converter and gave a derogatory characterization to Adolf Hitler , proved "the caricature of serious comparisons of an insignificant pygmy with a giant" [26] . The book ended with the statement: “And we can safely say that in all its great history, never even excluding the year 1812, the Russian people have not been to such an extent the savior of Europe as they are now” [27] .
The Russian Academy of Sciences awards the E.V. Tarle Prize for outstanding scientific work in the field of world history and the modern development of international relations ( Laureates of the E.V. Tarle Prize ).
Miscellaneous
- According to the testimony of L. E. Belozerskaya , “of the writers, he loved most of all Dostoevsky” [28] .
Publications of works
- Tarle E.V. Works in 12 volumes. - M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1957-1962.
- Public Views of Thomas More 1901 - Master's thesis
- History of Italy in the Middle Ages 1906
- Germinal and Prerial (3rd ed. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences)
- Peasants and workers in France during the era of the Great Revolution. 3rd ed. (PG: edition of V.S. Klestov. 1919)
- The working class in France in the era of the revolution of 1909 - 1911 - doctoral dissertation
- Continental blockade 1913
- The economic life of the kingdom of Italy during the reign of Napoleon I 1916
- West and Russia 1918
- Tarle E.V. Theodor Shiman. 1847-1921 // Cases and days. - 1921. - No. 2. - S. 180—198.
- Europe in the era of imperialism 1927
- Crimean War
- Napoleon ZhZL 1936
- Napoleon's invasion of Russia 1937 . English translation: Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, 1812, New York, Oxford University Press, 1942, 1971.
- Germinal and Prerial 1937
- Talleyrand ZhZL 1939
- "Hitlerism and the Napoleonic era." USSR Academy of Sciences. - M.-L., 1942.
- " Nakhimov ." - M .: ZhZL 1944, Military Publishing, 1948
- Chesme battle and the first Russian expedition to the Archipelago. 1769-1774 1945
- Admiral Ushakov on the Mediterranean Sea (1798-1800)
- Expedition of Admiral D.N. Senyavin to the Mediterranean Sea (1805-1807) 1954
- The Northern War and the Swedish invasion of Russia 1958
- Articles and reviews
- "The French Revolution and England"
- The Capture of the Bastille
- Paper money maker.
- “Jean-Paul Marat, Friend of the people”
- History of Italy
- Essays on the History of the Colonial Policy of Western European States 1965
Notes
- ↑ Kaganovich B.S. Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle and the St. Petersburg School of Historians. SPb .: Publishing house Dmitry Bulanin. S. 3
- ↑ Bulletin of Finance, Industry, and Trade No. 17 (p. 37)
- ↑ [1] : Father-brother, doctor of medicine David-German G. Tarle (1854—?), Was one of the founders of the city society of doctors in Kherson.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Yakovlev Leo (Krantsfeld Yakov Lvovich, grandson of Tarle), Strokes to portraits and some personal memories - Kharkov, 2005. - 148 p.
- ↑ V. G. Sirotkin Foreword // Tarle E. V. Talleyrand. M. 1992.S. 3
- ↑ 1 2 Сироткин Владлен , Академик Тарле — учитель «шестидесятников», начало , Независимый Бостонский Альманах «Лебедь», № 255, 20 января 2002 г.; окончание , № 256, 27 января 2002 г.
- ↑ Дунаевский В. А., Чапкевич Е. И. , Евгений Викторович Тарле: Человек в тисках Беззакония . В кн.: Трагические судьбы: репрессированные ученые Академии наук СССР. М.: Наука, 1995, с. 108—127.
- ↑ В 1902 г. ректор Петербургского университета писал: « Если допустить г. Тарле к чтению лекций в Петербургском университете, то университет рискует приобрести в его лице преподавателя, имеющего весьма смутное представление о своем служебном долге…» . Лишь после того, как министром просвещения станет Г. Э. Зингер, а также при помощи И. В. Лучицкого, осенью 1903 г. Тарле становится преподавателем в Петербургском университете — Б. С. Каганович. Евгений Викторович Тарле и петербургская школа историков. СПб,: Изд-во Дмитрий Булавин стр 9
- ↑ Тарле, Евгений Викторович // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Социал-демократическая фракция 3-й Государственной Думы глазами полиции. Записка Петербургского охранного отделения. 1910 г . // «Исторический архив», № 1, 2003. С. 136—150.
- ↑ Профиль Евгения Викторовича Тарле на официальном сайте РАН
- ↑ Тарле Евгений Викторович — биография
- ↑ Балаян Л. А. Академик Тарле и другие. Архивная копия от 29 июня 2008 на Wayback Machine
- ↑ «Евгений Викторович написал книгу „ Наполеон “ и ему удалось её каким-то чудом опубликовать. Однажды в его квартиру позвонил правительственный фельдъегерь и передал пакет. В нём содержалась короткая записка Сталина, который одобрял книгу и вместе с тем делал несколько замечаний, что следовало учесть при повторном издании. Между тем, главным для получателя этой записки, как мне говорили, было другое — на конверте рукой Хозяина написано: „Академику Е. В. Тарле“. Учёный якобы немедленно отправился в Президиум АН СССР. Попал на прием к президенту и, показав ему конверт, принес извинения, что он так долго не принимал участия в работе Академии. Никаких объяснений больше не требовалось. „Бывший“ академик Тарле вновь стал академиком Тарле.» Петровский А. В. Записки психолога. Часть 09 .
- ↑ Яковлев Н. О книге Е. В. Тарле «Крымская война» // «Большевик». 1945, № 13, стр. 63—72.
- ↑ Яковлев Н. О книге Е. В. Тарле «Крымская война» // «Большевик». 1945, № 13, стр. 64, 68.
- ↑ Sumner, BH Krymskaya voina (The Crimean War). By EV Tarle . // The Slavonic and East European Review . — April 1947. — Vol. 25 — No. 65 — P. 578—582.
- ↑ Фурсов А. И. Курс лекций по русской истории : Лек. 35. Крымская война 1853—1856 гг. (0:00 — 26:35).
- ↑ Сергей Михайлович Голицын «Записки беспогонника»
- ↑ Весь Петроград (1914 - 1917, Весь Ленинград (1922 - 1935); интерактивное оглавление. .
- ↑ Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга, мемориальная доска Е. В. Тарле. .
- ↑ Тюлар Ж. , Наполеон. Молодая гвардия 1997. стр.10
- ↑ Кен О. , Между Цезарем и Чингис-ханом: «Наполеон» Е. В. Тарле как литературный памятник общественно-политической борьбы 1930-х годов, Клио (С.-Петербург). 1998. № 3. — С.67-83.
- ↑ «Е. В. Тарле включил массу зарубежных источников в писавшуюся по жгучим следам войны 1941-45 гг пристрастную работу „Северная война и шведское нашествие на Россию“. Битва при Лесной изложена академиком широкими мазками и с многочисленными погрешностями». — Артамонов В. А. , Битва при Лесной. «Русская симфония», С-Пб. 2008
- ↑ «И хотя сталинщина нанесла Тарле глубокую психологическую травму, он сумел сохранить себя как большого ученого мирового масштаба, создавая и в эти сложные и трагические времена фундаментальные труды, составляющие и по сей день гордость отечественной исторической науки.» — Дунаевский В. А., Чапкевич Е. И. , Евгений Викторович Тарле: Человек в тисках Беззакония . В кн.: Трагические судьбы: репрессированные ученые Академии наук СССР. М.: Наука, 1995, с. 108—127.
- ↑ «Гитлеровщина и наполеоновская эпоха». USSR Academy of Sciences. — М.-Л., 1942, стр. 3.
- ↑ «Гитлеровщина и наполеоновская эпоха». USSR Academy of Sciences. — М.-Л., 1942, стр. 31.
- ↑ Л. Е. Белозерская-Булгакова, Так было (воспоминания об академике Е. В. Тарле) с. 92
Literature
- Тарле, Евгений Викторович // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Тарле Евгений Викторович // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- Евгений Викторович Тарле. М.-Л., 1949 ( Материалы к биобиблиографии учёных СССР . Сер. истории. Вып. 3);
- Антюхина-Московченко В. И. Учёный-патриот Е. В. Тарле // Новая и новейшая история . 1966. № 4;
- Баженов В. В. Биографический метод в научном творчестве академика Е. В. Тарле // История и историки: историографический ежегодник. 1972 / отв. ed. М. В. Нечкина . М.: Наука , 1973;
- Тарле, Евгений Викторович / Захаров А. О. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 675. — ( Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2 .
- Каганович Б. С. Евгений Викторович Тарле и петербургская школа историков. СПб., 1995;
- Каганович Б. С. Евгений Викторович Тарле. Историк и время. СПб., 2014;
- Рутенбург В. И. Е. В. Тарле — ученый и общественный деятель // Проблемы истории международных отношений. Л., 1972;
- Троицкий Н. А. Евгений Викторович Тарле. 1875—1955 // Историографический сборник. Саратов, 1977. Вып. 6;
- Чапкевич Е. И. Е. В. Тарле. М., 1977 ( Научные биографии );
- Чапкевич Е. И. Жизнь и деятельность Е. В. Тарле в дореволюционный период // Некоторые проблемы классовой борьбы в период капитализма. М., 1966;
- Чапкевич Е. И. О жизни и деятельности Е. В. Тарле в советский период // Некоторые вопросы истории СССР. М., 1967;
- Чапкевич Е. И. «Пока из рук не выпало перо…»: жизнь и деятельность академика Евгения Викторовича Тарле. Орёл, 1994;
- Чапкевич Е. И. Страницы биографии академика Е. В. Тарле // Новая и новейшая история. 1990. № 4;
- Шадрин С. С. Исторический факультет Казанского университета (1939—2007): справочник. Казань, 2007;
- Шадрин С. С. Профессорский состав исторического факультета в 1939—2004 гг. // Казанский университет как исследовательское и социокультурное пространство: сб. scientific статей и сообщений. Казань, 2005. С. 63—69.
Links
- Профиль Евгения Викторовича Тарле на официальном сайте РАН
- Биография на сайте СПбИИ РАН
- Статья на сайте «Биографика СПбГУ»
- Биография на сайте РНБ
- An article in the encyclopedia " Around the World "
- Tarle, Evgeny Viktorovich . On the Chronos website .
- Historical background on the website of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Kogan G.F. Lecture by E.V. Tarle “Shakespeare and Dostoevsky”
- Telman I. Academician Tarle, Stalin and Napoleon
- Academician E.V. Tarle and Power: Letters of the Historian I.V. Stalin and G.M. Malenkov (1937-1950)