Ivan Kablukov ( August 21 ( September 2 ), 1857 - May 5, 1942), was a Russian and Soviet physical chemist .
Ivan Alekseevich Kablukov | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date of Birth | |||||
Place of Birth | |||||
Date of death | |||||
Place of death | |||||
A country | |||||
Scientific field | |||||
Place of work | Moscow University , MSU , Petrovsky Agricultural Academy , Imperial Moscow Engineering School , MVZHK | ||||
Alma mater | Moscow University (1880) | ||||
Academic degree | Doctor of Chemistry (1891) | ||||
Academic title | Professor Emeritus (1910) , Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1928) | ||||
supervisor | |||||
Known as | one of the pioneers of ion solvation , the founder of the school of physical chemists in Russia | ||||
Awards and prizes | |||||
An honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), at the same time and independently of V. A. Kistyakovsky, who offered an idea of ion solvation and initiated the unification of the physical and chemical theory of solutions. Creator of the School of Physicochemists in Russia. Hero of Labor.
Content
Biography
Born on August 21 ( September 2 ), 1857 , in the village of Prussy, Troitskaya volost, Moscow district, Moscow province (now the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region), in the family of a dentist (free serf) [2] .
In 1876 he graduated from the 2nd Moscow Classical Gymnasium and entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University . In his student years he was a rehearsal of the young Maklakov V. A. In 1880 he graduated from it, receiving a degree in natural sciences. At the suggestion of Prof. V.V. Markovnikov, I.A. Kablukov was left at the Department of Chemistry to prepare for a professorship. For the next 1881–1882, he worked at the chemical laboratory of the professor of chemistry A. Butlerov at St. Petersburg University , and then continued his work at Moscow University with V. V. Markovnikov [2] .
In November 1884, I. A. Kablukov was enlisted as a supernumerary assistant in a chemical laboratory, and from January 1885 he became a assistant professor at Moscow University - he taught the course On Dissociation Phenomena. At the same time in 1882-1884 he taught at the Moscow Higher Women's Courses [2] .
In December 1887 he defended his master's thesis “ Glycerols , or triatomic alcohols, and their derivatives,” in which, from the point of view of thermochemical data, he tried to substantiate the theory of the mutual influence of Markovnikov atoms [2] .
In 1889, under the leadership of Professor S. Arrhenius, he worked at the University of Leipzig in the laboratory of Professor V. Ostwald .
In 1897–1906, he taught at the Moscow Engineering School , where he taught practical work on inorganic and analytical chemistry, as well as on the technology of building materials and iron metallurgy [2] .
In May 1891, he defended his doctoral thesis “Modern Theories of Solutions ( Van Hoff and Arrhenius) in connection with the theory of chemical equilibrium at Moscow University.
He taught at the Real School of KP Voskresensky .
In 1899, on the recommendation of Academician N. N. Beketov, he was appointed Associate Professor in the Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry at the Moscow Agricultural Institute , where he worked until 1942. At first, the lectures were held in the most capacious audience - in the assembly hall of the main building, and then the department was allocated a separate extension with a new lecture audience and a hall for analytic chemistry for 96 students. But this extension could not accommodate everyone. On May 31, 1912, I. A. Kablukov laid the foundation stone for the chemical building (now building number 6), into which all chemical laboratories and departments were transferred. In the right wing on the second floor of the building there was also an apartment in which I. A. Kablukov lived (now this room is occupied by the Department of Agriculture of foreign countries). Already on October 22, 1914, I. A. Kablukov delivered the first lecture in a new building [3] .
From May 1903 - an extraordinary professor at Moscow University, where he worked until the end of his life: from 1906 - ordinary, and from January 1910 - Honored Professor ; in 1915-1933 - Head of the Thermochemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics; in 1918 - mid-1920s - head of the laboratory of inorganic and physical chemistry. Since 1922 also - Director of the Research Institute of Chemistry at Moscow State University [2] .
I. Kablukov not only engaged in theoretical studies, but also studied the natural resources of Russia (later - the USSR). He participated in the organization of the Russian production of mineral fertilizers . In 1905, he was appointed representative of the General Directorate for Land Management and Agriculture to the Interdepartmental Commission on the Acquisition of Nitrogen Oxides at the Main Artillery Directorate . In 1908 he became a member of the Moscow Institute of Agricultural Science Commission for the Study of Phosphorites in Russia, whose work initiated the production of fertilizers from Russian raw materials. In 1909, at the suggestion of the Department of Agriculture at the Moscow Institute of Agricultural Sciences, a commission was established to extract nitrogen fertilizers from the air, to produce lime nitrate and calcium cyanide . The commission included I. A. Kablukov, N. Ya. Demyanov and D. N. Pryanishnikov . Two years later, in 1911, I. A. Kablukov became chairman of the commission on the extraction of nitrogen oxides from the air. In 1911, I.A. Kablukov and his father A.S. Kablukov visited the salt mines of the Crimea and examined the samples of the brines of the salt lakes of the Crimea collected by them for the production of potassium salts and bromine from the mother liquors remaining after extraction of sodium chloride . He published the results of a study in the form of a monograph, which made it possible to organize a bromine plant in Crimea and obtain potash salts from seawater [3] .
From 1933 to the early 1940s, he was also head of the Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry of the All-Union Industrial Academy. I.V. Stalin [2] .
After the October Revolution in the fall of 1918, his brother, Nikolai Alekseevich, was arrested. But he was soon released, thanks to the support of Ivan Alekseevich [4] .
After the start of World War II in September 1941, part of the department staff was evacuated to Chakino ( Tambov region ) and Samarkand . Died on May 5, 1942 in evacuation in Tashkent [3] .
Research and teaching
The main area of scientific interest of Academician I. A. Kablukov refers to electrochemistry of non-aqueous solutions [2] .
- In 1889-1891 he studied the electrical conductivity of electrolytes in organic solvents and established the anomalous electrical conductivity of non-aqueous electrolyte solutions and its increase with the addition of water to alcohol solutions. Based on these observations, A.I. Kablukov suggested a chemical interaction between the solvent and the solute.
- In 1889-1891, simultaneously and independently of the physical chemist V. A. Kistyakovsky, he introduced into scientific use the idea of ion solvation . These works on the electrochemistry of non-aqueous solutions became the subject of his doctoral dissertation "Modern theories of solutions (Van Hoff and Arrhenius) in connection with the teachings on chemical equilibrium" (1891) and initiated the convergence of physical and chemical theories of solutions [2] .
- In the 1890s, he conducted a series of studies on thermochemistry and, together with the physicist-chemist V. F. Luginin, established that the heat of addition of bromine to ethylene hydrocarbons increases with the transition from lower homologs to higher ones [2] .
- In 1905, he first applied the method of thermal analysis to the study of the mutual exchange of salts in melts [2] .
- From the beginning of the 1900s and up to 1934, he was engaged in various applied tasks, such as beekeeping and the chemistry of mineral fertilizers [2] . In particular, in the 1900s, he developed a method for producing bromine from the brine of the Saki Lake in the Crimea [3] .
Academician I. A. Kablukov is also known as a teacher and popularizer of science, the creator of the school of physical chemists in Russia [2] . He is also the author of several works on the history of chemistry.
- In 1886–88, he taught at Moscow State University private-docent courses in organic chemistry: “Organic chemistry (nitrogenous aromatic compounds)”, “History and criticism of the theory of the structure of chemical compounds”, etc.
- In 1886-1906 (according to some information, since 1884) he taught the courses On Dissociation Phenomena, Theoretical Chemistry (the beginning of thermochemistry), On Chemical Affinity and its Measurement Methods, The Doctrine of Solutions, The Doctrine of elements and stoichiometry of bodies ”,“ Electrochemistry ”, as well as the general course of physical chemistry.
- In the years 1888-1889, he taught a course in animal chemistry at the medical faculty of Moscow University. For the first time at the university I began to read a systematic course of physical (theoretical) chemistry.
- In 1895–9999 (until 1898, together with organic chemist M. I. Konovalov ), he lectured and led practical classes in general chemistry for mathematicians.
- In 1898, he published the “Summary of some lectures from the general chemistry course,” and in 1900, the textbook “Basic Principles of Inorganic Chemistry”, which subsequently went through 13 editions.
- Since 1906, he has periodically read selected chapters from general (inorganic and physical) chemistry, including electrochemistry , the theory of chemical equilibrium and the rule of phases . Published one of the first textbooks on this subject, “Basic principles of physical chemistry”.
- For many years at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University he taught practical classes in qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as in thermochemistry.
- In the late 1920s, he also taught courses in general and inorganic chemistry [2] .
In total, the scientific heritage of I. A. Kablukova includes more than 300 works [3] . Some publications:
- Basic principles of inorganic chemistry (inaccessible link) . - M. , Ing. uch. Ved. put. soobshch., 1900. - 310 p.
- Basic principles of physical chemistry.
- Issue 1. Basic principles of physical chemistry. - M. , Type. Borisenko and Breslin, 1900. - 243 p.
- Issue 2. Electrochemistry. - M. , Type. Borisenko, 1902. - 327 p.
- Issue 3. Thermochemistry. The study of chemical affinity. - M. , Type. Kholcheva, 1910. - 320 p.
- Essays from the history of electrochemistry for the XIX century. - M. , Type. Kushnereva, 1901. - 66 p.
- Physical and colloidal chemistry. - M. , Selkhozgiz, 1935. - 558 p.
- Phase rule applied to saturated salt solutions. - L. , GKhTI, 1933. - 160 p.
Awards and titles
Soviet state awards and titles [2] :
- Hero of Labor (1924);
- Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1929);
- Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1937);
- Order of Lenin (1940).
Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1928), Honorary Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932), Honorary Member of the Society of Amateurs of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (since 1921), member of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society , Society of Acclimatization of Animals and Plants (since 1898), All-Union Chemical Society them. DI Mendeleev (in 1934 he was elected vice-president of the Moscow branch of the WMO) and many other scientific societies [2] . Distinguished Professor of Moscow University (since 1910) [2] .
In art
Academician I. A. Kablukov was famous for his impracticality and absent-mindedness. For example, when introducing himself, he called himself “Kabluk Ivanov,” instead of the words “chemistry and physics,” the professor would often say to students “chemist and physics.” And instead of the phrase “the flask burst, and a piece of glass fell into the eye,” it could have turned out: “the lobe flashed, and a piece of the eye fell into the glass.” The expression “Mendelshutkin” meant: “ Mendeleev and Menshutkin ”, and the usual words of Ivan Alekseevich were: “not at all” and “I, that is, not me”. This was used by the poet S. Ya. Marshak , writing in 1930 the poem “ This is what was dispersed ” [5] [6] .
The professor got acquainted with the playful work of Marshak, and once he recalled Brother Marshak, the writer Ilyin , shook a finger: “Your brother, of course, took me!” [5] .
Memory
In Moscow, on the building of educational building No. 6 of the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after KA Timiryazev ( Timiryazevsky passage , house No. 2), where I. A. Kablukov worked from 1889 to 1942, a memorial plaque was installed.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Kablukov Ivan Alekseevich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ed. A.M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1969.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Academician Kablukov Ivan Alekseevich . Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University. The appeal date is August 7, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (Inaccessible link) . RGAU-Moscow Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev. The appeal date is August 7, 2014. Archived August 9, 2014.
- ↑ Varushchenko, Zaitsev. Life dedicated to science (On the 150th anniversary of the birth of Academician I. A. Kablukov) // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2007. - V. 77 , № 10 . - S. 907 .
- ↑ 1 2 Svetlana Samodelova. Most absentminded hero . Moskovsky Komsomolets (July 6, 2007). The appeal date is August 7, 2014.
- ↑ Petrovsky M. S. Strange hero from Pool Street // Books of our childhood. - SPb. , 2006. — pp. 153-216.
Literature
- Kablukov Ivan Alekseevich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- Soloviev Yu. I., Kablukova M. I., Kolesnikov E. V. Ivan Alekseevich Kablukov: One Hundred Years Since the Birth. 1857-1957. Moscow , Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1957. - 211 p.
- Polishchuk V.R. Kablukov theorem . - M .: Knowledge , 1983. - 176, [8] with. - ( Creators of science and technology ). - 80 000 copies
- Volkov V. А. , Kulikova M. V. Moscow professors of the XVIII - beginning of the XX centuries: Natural and technical sciences / Ed. ed. S.S. Ilizarov ; Institute of the History of Science and Technology. S.I. Vavilova RAS . - M .: Janus-K; Moscow textbooks and Cartolithography, 2003. - pp. 108-109. - 296 s. - ( Figures of science and education of Moscow of the XVIII — XX centuries in portraits and characteristics ). - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-8037-0164-5 .
- Sabaneev L. L. Memories of Russia . - M .: Classic-XXI, 2005. - 268 p.
- Shabarshov, I. A. Scientists of Beekeepers of Russia: (N. M. Vitvitsky. A. M. Butlerov. I. A. Kablukov. A. A. Kozhevnikov. A. E. Titov) / Ret.: V. A. Gubin . - M .: Kolos , 1981. - P. 87-110. - 176 s. - 70 000 copies
Links
- Academician Kablukov Ivan Alekseevich . Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University. The appeal date is August 7, 2014.
- Biography in the Russian Biographical Dictionary
- Profile of Ivan Alekseevich Kablukov on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Kablukov Ivan Alekseevich . Chronicle of Moscow University . The appeal date is November 13, 2017.
Documents
- Kablukov Ivan Alekseevich Foundation on the site of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences