A photo is a discipline that deals with fundamental and applied aspects of working with optical signals, as well as creating devices for various purposes on their basis [1] .
Content
General Information
Photonics is essentially an analogue of electronics , which instead of electrons use quanta of the electromagnetic field - photons . That is, it is engaged in photon signal processing technologies, which is associated with significantly less energy loss, which means it has a greater possibility of miniaturization.
Thus, photonics:
- studies the generation, control and detection of photons in the visible and near- spectrum . Including, on the ultraviolet ( wavelength 10 ... 380 nm ), the long-wave infrared ( wavelength 15 ... 150 microns ) and the ultra-infrared part of the spectrum (for example, 2 ... 4 THz corresponds to a wavelength of 75 ... 150 microns), where quantum cascade lasers .
- deals with the control and transformation of optical signals and is widely used: from transmitting information through optical fibers to creating new sensors that modulate light signals in accordance with the slightest environmental changes [2] [3] .
Photonics covers a wide range of optical , electro-optical and optoelectronic devices and their various applications. The core areas of photonics research include fiber and integrated optics, including nonlinear optics , physics and technology of semiconductor connections, semiconductor lasers , optoelectronic devices, high-speed electronic devices.
According to some data, the new, generalized term “photonics” is gradually replacing the term “optics” [4] .
Photonics history
Photonics as a field of science began in 1960 with the invention of the laser , as well as the invention of the laser diode in the 1970s, with the subsequent development of fiber-optic communication systems as information transmission means using light methods. These inventions formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution at the end of the 20th century and served as an aid for the development of the Internet .
Historically, the use of the term “photonics” in the scientific community was associated with the publication in 1967 of the book by Academician A.N. Terenin “Photonics of dye molecules”. Three years earlier, on his initiative, the Department of Biomolecular and Photonic Physics was established at the Physics Department of Leningrad State University , which since 1970 has been called the Department of Photonics. [five]
A. N. Terenin defined photonics as “a set of interrelated photophysical and photochemical processes”. In world science , the later and broader definition of photonics as a branch of science that studies systems in which photons are the information carriers has spread. In this sense, the term “photonics” was first heard at the 9th International Congress on High-Speed Photography in 1970 in Denver (USA).
The term “Photonics” began to be widely used in the 1980s due to the widespread use of fiber-optic electronic data transmission by telecommunication network providers (although in narrow usage optical fiber was used earlier). The use of the term was confirmed when the IEEE community established an archive report called “Photonics Technology Letters” in the late 1980s.
During this period until about 2001, photonics was largely concentrated on telecommunications . Since 2001, it also began to relate to:
- laser production
- biological and chemical studies
- climate change and environmental monitoring [6]
- medical diagnostics and therapy ,
- display and projection technology
- optical computing.
Prospective Development
In 2015, a super-fast photon switch working on silicon nanostructures was created at Moscow State University, which in the future will allow creating devices for transmitting and processing information at speeds of tens and hundreds of terabits per second [7] .
Interdisciplinary directions
Due to the high world scientific and technical activity and the tremendous demand for new results, new and new interdisciplinary areas arise within photonics:
- Microwave photonics studies the interaction between an optical signal and a high-frequency (more than 1 GHz ) electrical signal . This area includes the basics of optical-microwave interaction, the operation of photon devices in the microwave , photon control of microwave devices, high-frequency transmission lines and the use of photonics to perform various functions in microwave circuits.
- Computer photonics combines modern physical and quantum optics , mathematics and computer technology and is at the stage of active development, when it becomes possible to implement new ideas, methods and technologies [9] .
- Optoinformatics is a field of science and technology associated with the research, creation and operation of new materials, technologies and devices for transmitting, receiving, processing, storing and displaying information based on optical technologies.
Communication of photonics with other fields of science
Classic Optics
Photonics is closely related to optics . However, optics preceded the discovery of quantization of light (when the photoelectric effect was explained by Albert Einstein in 1905). Optics tools - a refracting lens , a reflecting mirror and various optical components that were known long before 1900. At the same time, the key principles of classical optics, such as Huygens' rule, Maxwell's equations and light wave alignment, do not depend on the quantum properties of light and are used in optics , and in photonics.
Modern Optics
The term "Photonics" in this area is roughly synonymous with the terms " Quantum Optics ", "Quantum Electronics ", "Electro- Optics " and " Optoelectronics ." However, each term is used by various scientific societies with different additional meanings: for example, the term “quantum optics” often means basic research, while the term “Photonics” often means applied research.
See also
- Quantum optics
- Photonic crystal
- Holography
- Electronics
Notes
- ↑ . A. S. Razumovsky, A. V. Bratishchev Photonics / Encyclopedic Dictionary of Nanotechnology
- ↑ Site of the Department of Photonics and Electrical Engineering of Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics (Inaccessible link) . The appeal date is November 28, 2008. Archived December 15, 2008.
- ↑ Thanks to piezo-phototronic, an array of sensitive sensors reminiscent of skin was created // Site Nanonewsnet.ru Aug 16, 2013
- ↑ Physical Faculty of Rostov State University (not available link) . The date of circulation is November 5, 2008. Archived September 3, 2014.
- ↑ Website of the Research Institute of Physics. V.A. Fock. (inaccessible link) . The date of circulation is November 28, 2008. Archived May 26, 2008.
- ↑ Journal of Biophotonics
- ↑ MSU scientists have created a photon switch for the “computers of the future” // RIA Novosti, 10.16.2015
- ↑ A Tutorial on Microwave Photonics (IEEE)
- ↑ Site of the Department of Computer Photonics and Video Informatics of the Faculty of Photonics and Optoinformatics of the St. Petersburg State University ITMO
Links
- Site of the Department of Photonics and Optoinformatics, St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
- Site of the Department of Computer Photonics and Video Informatics of St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
- Site of the Department of Photonics, Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University
- Site of the Department of Photonics and Electrical Engineering of Kharkov National University of Radio Electronics
- Site of the Department of Engineering Photonics, St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
- Educational materials of the Laser Systems Laboratory of the Novosibirsk State University
- Glossary of photonics terms . Siberian State Academy of Geodesy
- Journal "Photonics" Scientific and Technical Journal
- Laser scattering problems in photonics and biophotonics . Quantum Electronics, Special Edition, Volume 36, Number 11-12, (2006)
- Exhibition Photonics. World of lasers and optics. Moscow. Expocentre on Krasnaya Presnya.
- The site of the Photonics Research and Educational Center and the IR technology of MSTU. N. E. Bauman