The rules and spelling rules of the Russian language , which were in force before the adoption of the Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation of 1956, were based on the Decree on the introduction of the new spelling of 1917, as well as (as before the revolution ) on the spelling tradition governed by reference books. An important monument of this spelling is the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian language by Professor Ushakov .
Content
Some change dates
- 1918 - along with the "ъ" began to use the apostrophe (') [1] . In practice, the use of the apostrophe was ubiquitous.
- 1932-1933 - points at the end of headers are canceled [2] .
- 1934 (possibly earlier) - the use of a hyphen in the “that is” union is abolished [3] .
- 1935 - dots in the spelling of abbreviations from capital letters were canceled [4] .
- 1938 - the use of the apostrophe was abolished.
- 1942 - the mandatory use of the letter "e" is introduced.
- 1956 - the use of the letter “e” (already according to the new rules) became optional, in order to clarify the correct pronunciation (“bucket”).
Differences from modern spelling
Alphabet
Composition of letters
Until 1942, the letter ё was absent from the alphabet. The letter в is inscribed in the alphabet of 1934 (see table), but the word iodine is printed through and (" iodine "). In the Ushakov dictionary, all words beginning with d are redirected to analogues starting with and : iog [ yog ], iog [yoga], iodine [yod], iodism [yedizm], iodine [yodisty], iodine [yodny], yorkshir [ yorkshire], yorkshire [yorkshire], iot [yot], iota [yota], iotatsiya [yatia], iotirovanny [utirovannyy] and iovotovanny [yotovanny] . But in words ion , ionization , ionize, ionize, ionian, ionic, ionic, jordan (s) and and about are read separately.
A a | B b | In the | Gg | D d | E e | Well |
H | And and | Th | K to | L l | M m | N N |
Oh oh | N p | P p | C s | T t | Y | F f |
Xx | C p | H h | W w | U u | B b | S you |
B | Uh | Yu Yu | I am i |
Letter Names
- The letters b , y , b - were called ep , epi , ep .
- The letters b , c , d , n - were called be , ve , ge , ne (softly), and not like now ( be , ve , ge , pe ).
- Presumably (based on the above), before the revolution, the letters d , s , t could also be called softly (their names were written with the letter e before the revolution).
- The letters,,,, - were called as they are now, although the names ж and ц were written in terms of e ( same , tse ).
Use hyphens in complex words for color shades
Only complex adjectives with adverbs were written with a hyphen, such as: izhelta-red, blue-black, blue-green (as now). And "adjectives with connecting o and e , denoting shades of colors like dark red, blue-green, " were written without a hyphen [5] .
Nowadays “complex adjectives, if they denote shades of colors, for example: pale blue, light yellow, bright red, ... silvery-white, ” are written with a hyphen [6] .
Use of a hyphen in place names
A number of place names, now used without a hyphen, were written with a hyphen. For example: Czecho-Slovakia, South-Slavia, Syr-Darya, Lower Volga region, Far-Eastern region, Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Region and some others.
Single words
In the examples given are some words that have changed their spelling, and sometimes the pronunciation. Many of these words had a spelling variant that coincides with the modern one; it is not given. In modern writing, some words also have spelling variations that were not there before.
- Adequate [7] , diet , ladi . Nowadays - adekvatny , dieti , ice .
- Pensna and pince-nez [8] . Now - pince - nez .
- Mer . Now - the mayor .
- Billiard , variat , loyal . Now - billiards , option , loyal .
- Lacks (together) [9] , abroad . Now - not enough , outside .
- Apparently, to the contrary, [10] . Now, apparently, still, in an empty fashion .
- In-time , in-all , in-svoyasi , in the days . Now - on time , with might and main , back home , the other day .
- Side-mechanic , meter-d-hotel . Now - the flight attendant , the meter-reader .
- Yod ( iodine pronounced). Now - iodine (in chemical terminology) and iodine (in medicine and everyday life).
- Pantsyr , tsynga , tsynovka , cyrulnik . Now - patzir , scurvy , mat , barber .
- Acorn , acorn . Now - acorn .
- Hell , mn. cherti Now - damn it .
- Hopeless , well-deserved (as acceptable options). Now - hopeless , meritorious .
- Go . Now - go . (previously both forms were allowed, but it was much more often used)
- Azbest , motyk . Now - asbestos , hoes .
- Lead , dance . Now - witness , dance .
- Cow , swimmer , snig . Now - loaf , floating , snowman .
- Pensna and pince-nez [8] . Now - pince - nez .
Quantitative forms of the genitive and accusative cases
- End of the genitive case on -s / -th
The official documents used such forms of words as “kilogram of sugar, tobacco, tea”.
- When choosing the form of the genitive case of the only number of masculine nouns in similar cases in the previous time, it was assumed that the forms of -th / -th real and some other nouns had a quantitative meaning ( indicated part of the whole ) , and therefore were considered preferable (compare combinations without quantitative values: the history of the people, the whiteness of sugar, the taste of tea ).
- After 1956:
- At present, forms on -y / -y are used less and less often and alignment takes place according to one model that is not related to a specific value. Therefore, along with the shape of a cup of tea, it is quite acceptable (and many welcome) the shape of a cup of tea . Moreover, in speech, the forms on -a / -i are clearly predominant if, with a noun, there is a definition: a cup of strong tea, a pack of instant sugar .
- Forms in -y / -y are usually stored in phrases, where we are talking about a certain indefinite amount of something, while the noun is in the accusative case during the transitional verb: drink kvass, eat soup, get chalk, buy a chiff, add sugar (especially at the hit end: drink a tea, eat medka ). Also compare prepositional combinations: lose sight of; get mad with fat; need to cut; talk nineteen to the dozen; twenty years old; to no avail , etc.
- In addition, the ending -u / -s have nouns with an abstract meaning, if there is a nuance of quantitative meaning: to catch up with fear, to say nonsense , and also forms in phraseological combinations: without a year, a week, face to face, ask for pepper, get confused, without family and tribe, add a step, what is the spirit , etc. (According to the book by E. E. Rosenthal “Speak and write Russian correctly”, 2007.)
- In the work of V. A. Uspensky “To the definition of a case according to A. H. Kolmogorov” [11] , the name “quantitative-separative case” is used for this case. The names “partial case”, “ partitive ” are also used.
See also
- Civil font (reform of Peter I)
- Prerevolutionary spelling
- Reform of the Russian spelling in 1918
- Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation 1956
Notes
- ↑ This was caused by the massive removal of the letter from K from the printing bureaus along with other letters used in the pre-reform spelling
- ↑ GRAMOTA.RU - reference and information Internet portal "Russian language" | Library | Magazines | Russian speech . The appeal date is April 16, 2013. Archived April 20, 2013.
- ↑ According to the Orthographic Dictionary of 1934, that is , it was written, as now, without a hyphen. However, in the book of 1926 ( Emanuel Lasker . “A chess game textbook.” The only author’s author translation from German edited by I. L. Maiselis . State Publishing House, ML, 1926.) This union was also written with a hyphen, that is , and before the revolution.
- ↑ There are no dots on the coins of 1935, and they are still used on the coins of 1931 (S. S. S. R.). Points are used in rubles in 1934.
- ↑ Prof. D. N. Ushakov. Orthographic dictionary. 1934
- ↑ Spelling dictionary. 41st ed. M., Enlightenment, 1990, p. 197.
- ↑ Such a spelling was explained by the foreign language composition of the word: the letter combination ad- (lat. Pri- ) was a prefix (as in the words adjutant , adjunct ); -equat- (lat. equalize ) - by the root (as in the word equator ). Subsequently, such a transfer of complex foreign words into Russian with the letter E at the beginning of the second part was considered rude (cf. anesthesia , teenager ).
- ↑ D. N. Ushakov’s dictionary of 1934 recorded only the first spelling. However, in the book of 1950 ( A. A. Ignatiev “Fifty years in the ranks”, State Publishing House of Art. Literature , 1950), the writing of pince-nez is already used.
- ↑ This writing is characteristic of the works of JV Stalin and was probably considered normative only because of this.
- ↑ Spelling of adverbs: the story of one rule in the XX century
- ↑ “To the definition of a case according to A. H. Kolmogorov” V. A. Uspensky
Literature
- Ushakov D. N. Spelling dictionary. For primary and secondary schools. - M. , 1934. - 240 p.
- Grigorieva TM Three centuries of Russian spelling (XVIII — XX centuries). - M .: Elpis, 2004. - 456 p. - ISBN 5-902872-03-0 .
- Kuzmina SM. History and lessons in the codification of Russian spelling in the XX century // Russian language in scientific coverage. - 2003. - № 2 (6) . - p . 173-191 .
- Reform of 1956 - Orfoviki
- Orthographic discussion of 1929-1930 - Orfoviki
- Elena Arutyunova , Reforms of Russian spelling and punctuation during the Soviet era and the post-Soviet period dissertation author's abstract , 13 I 2015
- Evgeny Antonyuk. Khrushchev circumcision of the Russian language
Links
- Lopatin V.V. From the history of the reform of Russian spelling . Magazine GRAMOTY.RU . GRAMOTA.RU (November 14, 2000). The appeal date is May 13, 2012. Archived May 27, 2012.