Utian languages are also called Mitsun , or Miwok-Kostanoan languages - a family of Native American languages of North America , common in central and northern California , USA . The languages of this family are spoken by the Miwok and Oloni peoples. Some linguists view Utian languages as part of a larger hypothetical Penutian macro-family .
| Utian languages (Miwok-Kostano, Mitsunsky languages) | |
|---|---|
| Taxon | Group |
| Status | Universally recognized |
| Area | California |
| Classification | |
| Category | Native American Languages of North America |
| |
| Composition | |
| Miwok languages , Kostano languages | |
| Language group codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-5 | - |
All Utian languages are on the verge of extinction.
Content
Composition
The Utian family consists of 15 languages or dialects and is divided into two branches, Mivok and Kostanan. The classification below is based on the work of Callaghan (Callaghan, 2001). In others, the classification of northern costano, southern costano and karkin are considered as separate languages, and their subgroups are considered as dialects:
I. Mivok languages (Mivok, Mivuk, Mokelumnan) -
- A. Eastern Miwok languages
- 1. Plain Mivokian language (†)
- 2. Jellied Mivokian language (or Saklan) (†)
- i. Sierra Mivoc languages
- 3. Northern Sierra Mivoca (†)
- 4. Central Sierra Mivoc language
- 5. Southern Sierra Mivoca .
- 4. Central Sierra Mivoc language
- 2. Jellied Mivokian language (or Saklan) (†)
- B. Western Miwok languages (†)
- 6. Coastal Mivokian language (†) - disappeared, probably included two dialects.
- 7. Lake Miwok language (†)
- 1. Plain Mivokian language (†)
II. Kostanoan languages (Okhloni, Costano) (†) - the entire branch has now disappeared. The “languages” were very similar, tamjen and ramaitush so similar that, apparently, they were dialects of one language.
- A. North Kostanan Group (†)
- 8. Chalon (or cholon, soledad) (†) (?) - perhaps a transitional language between the northern and southern languages of the Costano.
- 9. Avasvas (or costano-santa-cruz) (†) - probably did not represent one language, since the documented recordings of native speakers of this language have significant differences.
- 10. Tamien (Tamien, Kostan Santa Clara) (†)
- 11. Choceno (san jose, eastern flooded costano)
- 12. Ramaytush (or San Franciscan Costano)
- 9. Avasvas (or costano-santa-cruz) (†) - probably did not represent one language, since the documented recordings of native speakers of this language have significant differences.
- B. South Kostanan Group (†)
- 13. Mutsun (or Kostano-san-huan-bautista) (†)
- 14. Rumsen (or romsien, San Carlos, Carmel) (†)
- C.? Karkinsky group
- 15. Karkin (†)
- 8. Chalon (or cholon, soledad) (†) (?) - perhaps a transitional language between the northern and southern languages of the Costano.
See also
- Penutian languages
- Mark Ocrand
Links
Literature
- Broadbent, Sylvia. (1964). The Southern Sierra Miwok Language . University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 38). Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Origin of the word Yosemite (and linked references)
- Callaghan, Catherine. (2001). More evidence for Yok-Utian: A reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber sets International Journal of American Linguistics , 67 (3), 313–346.
- Levy, Richard. 1978. Costanoan , in Handbook of North American Indians , Vol. 8 (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN 0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754, pages 485-495.
- Milliken, Randall. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995. ISBN 0-87919-132-5 (alk. Paper)
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X .
- Teixeira, Lauren. The Costanoan / Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide . Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1997. ISBN 0-87919-141-4 .