Tarnovsky, Veniamin Mikhailovich

Veniamin Tarnovsky was born on July 9 (July 21), 1837, in the village of Nizhny Daiman in the Shigrovsky district of Kursk Bay. in a noble family. Brother I.M. Tarnovsky (1833-1899), gynecologist and obstetrician, doctor of medicine, director of the Nadezhdinsky obstetric institution (since 1898).

There is a legend according to which, during a visit by Alexander II to the Kalinka Hospital on April 4, 1866, V. M. Tarnovsky presented the emperor with a pectoral priestly cross. And after that, the emperor, wearing it, went with his nephew and niece to take a walk in the Summer Garden, where the first attempt was made on him, and the bullet hit this “Life-giving Cross”, protecting Alexander II. From the personal file No. 1134 of the department of the board of trustees of public charity institutions in St. Petersburg of the Kalinka hospital office on the service of the supernumerary resident Veniamin Tarnovsky: “By the highest order expressed in respect of the Minister of the Imperial Court, dated April 22, 1866, No. 1929, addressed to The trustee of the hospital, Privy Counselor of Rosenberger, for the offering on the 18th, the same April, of persons of the ranks of the Kalinka City Hospital, at the loyal address of that same St. The Cross, which, upon visiting this institution, on April 4, 1866, the Emperor was overshadowed in the house church of the designated hospital, shortly before His miraculous deliverance from danger, His Imperial Majesty the Most Gracious deigned to command: to declare the signatories of the address, for this offering and loyal feelings, the highest gratitude ... ". ^[one]

Scientific and educational activities

In 1859 - 1866 he worked as a supernumerary resident in St. Petersburg at the Kalinka Hospital - the oldest specialized venereological clinic in Russia. ^[2]

In September 1865, he was sent by the Ministry of the Interior to the Vitebsk and Pskov Provinces. to study the causes of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases in these provinces. In the report on this business trip submitted by him in February 1866, Tarnovsky pointed out the insufficiency of measures taken to stop syphilis in Russia and proposed a number of new measures to suppress the spread of the disease.

In 1867, he published the Atlas to a Guide for Recognition of Sexually Transmitted Diseases of Women and Children with 15 tables (38 figures) made by nature by artist V. Reingard. The leadership was honored by the Academy of Sciences. He defended his thesis of a doctor of medicine on the topic “Recognition of sexually transmitted diseases in women and children” in 1868.

In 1862 and 1866 he traveled to Germany and France, where he visited special hospitals for sexually transmitted patients and listened to lectures at Barensprung, Ricord, Rollet and Diday. ^[3]

According to the Tarnovsky project, in 1868 the Suvorov School for Midwives was organized at the Kalinka Hospital. In it, V. M. Tarnovsky, as an assistant professor, taught a course of syphilology for 25 years. The school, which trained more than one and a half thousand women, made it possible to replace midwives in the Kalinka hospital with midwives who had undergone a course of venereology, and also to distribute new personnel throughout Russia. ^[4] In a short period (before Tarnovsky’s transition to teaching at the Medical and Surgical Academy), seven of his scientific works devoted to the experimental and clinical study of new methods of treating syphilis were published. In 1892, the City Duma awarded Tarnovsky the title of Honorary Member of the Suvorov School, a portrait of him, as the founder, was solemnly placed in the staff room. ^[5] Tarnovsky headed the school until 1894, however, for a number of years, already being a professor at the academy, he continued to teach for free in it. ^[6]

Since 1869, a teacher at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy . From 1869 to 1894 he headed the department of syphilology. Since 1871 - an ordinary professor, in 1894-97. - Head of the Department of Dermatology and Syphilology, where V.I. Zarubin also worked under his leadership. In 1883, Tarnovsky was approved as a scientist. the rank of extraordinary professor. From 1894 to 1897 he headed the joint department of skin and sexually transmitted diseases. ^[7]

In addition to lecturing to students of the academy, V. M. Tarnovsky gave lectures on syphilis to general practitioner physicians at the academy, as well as to students of the Women's Medical Courses, where he also gained fame as a brilliant lecturer.

V. M. Tarnovsky is the organizer of the first museum of dummies at the Medical and Surgical Academy, composed of the best casts of various skin diseases and syphilis selected by him in Paris, as well as his own Russian casts from patients made by Dr. M. L. Karpovich. ^[8] He wrote a textbook for the academic course on sexually transmitted diseases. ^[9]

V. M. Tarnovsky was a champion of higher female medical education in Russia. ^[10] He was one of the founders of the first in Russia and in Europe Women's medical courses, which opened in 1872 at the Medical and Surgical Academy. In 1887, V. M. Tarnovsky allocated a large amount of his own savings for the construction of a skin disease clinic of the Women's Medical Institute (St. Petersburg Medical University named after I.P. Pavlov) . ^[eleven]

The first female syphilidologist Z. Ya. Yeltsin (1854–1927) in Russia was his student and assistant. Since 1882, Z. Ya. Yeltsin worked as an external student in the Kalinka hospital, in 1885/86 she was enrolled as an assistant at the Department of Syphilology at the Higher Women's Courses, and later she received patients in the home office of V. M. Tarnovsky on Embankment. R. Moika, 104 (Jan. 1887-1906) ^[12] . After the revolution, Yeltsin was the chief physician of the first hospital in Russia for children with skin and sexually transmitted diseases organized by her. ^{[13] His} other student - V. A. Kashevarova, in whose admission to the Academy Tarnovsky took an active part, in 1876, defended her thesis and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, becoming the first Russian woman doctor of medicine. ^[14] In December 1868, while honoring her in an apartment on Nab. R. The progressive medical community enlisted the support of the Chief Medical Inspector N.I. Kozlov in organizing women's medical courses for washing the Cachevarova diploma of a “doctor with honors”. ^[15]

His wife Praskovya Nikolaevna (maiden name Kozlova ) (1848-1910), was also an outstanding neuropathologist and anthropologist ^[16] , the author of the monograph “ Women Killers ”, St. Petersburg. , 1902; anthropological study, with 163 figures and 8 anthropometric tables), the author of the study "Thieves" (Journal of the Russian Society of Public Health. 1891. No. 6). She also shared the ideas of criminal anthropology about an innate predisposition to relapse ^[17] . The fruits of her work, containing great analytical material on prostitution, were used by Tarnovsky in his writings. Tarnovskaya was not only an associate of her husband, but also an active champion of female education in Russia. ^{[18] The} works of Tarnovskaya were highly appreciated by A. F. Koni. ^[nineteen]

In the 1860s and 70s made a number of important discoveries in the field of venereology: he proved the possibility of re-infection with syphilis , proposed a number of new therapeutic drugs. Long-term studies and observations allowed V.M. Tarnovsky to refute the claims of a number of the largest foreign syphilologists of the second half of the 19th century about the impossibility of curing syphilis, proving the possibility of curing syphilis with mercury and iodine preparations in any period. He showed the frequency and diagnostic value of degenerative changes in tissues and organs in children born to mothers with syphilis, the possibility of transmission of infection to a third generation. Has shown that preventative treatment of pregnant women can prevent the transmission of syphilis to the fetus.

Of great importance for the development of the doctrine of syphilis were Tarnovsky's works on syphilitic heredity. Having extensive private practice, having observed patients for 40 years, he collected extremely rich material on the long-term results of syphilis infection, on the effect of syphilis on both the patient himself and his offspring. Tarnovsky devoted homework, free of tricks, to this work after leaving the academy. The result of a deep scientific analysis of the observations was his work: “The syphilitic family and its descending generation” (1902); “Atypical forms of syphilis” (1901) and “Doubled syphilis and syphilitic heredity” (1902). In these works, Tarnovsky also attempted to study syphilis from the point of view of biological evolution. Long before the appearance of penicillin, Tarnovsky came to the conclusion about the curability of syphilis: "The curability of syphilis" (1900). Tarnovsky's work on the general pathology of syphilis was of high scientific value.

In the house at Moika 104, Tarnovsky worked as a doctor. Patients of all ranks and estates from all over Russia came here. Tarnovsky combined his ability to heal with his high humanistic qualities: during the whole practice there was not a single case of patient suicide. A specially developed Tarnovsky system of case histories, amounting to hundreds of thousands of units, provided the main basis for the scientific conclusions of the professor. ^[20]

V. M. Tarnovsky - founder of the Russian Syphilidological and Dermatological Society

On October 16, 1867, Tarnovsky was elected a full member of the Society of Russian Doctors. In this society, he made 5 reports. ^[21]

In 1882, Professor V. M. Tarnovsky first expressed the idea of ​​the need to create a professional society in Russia. ^[22] Tarnovsky took up the active organization of the new society since 1884. ^[23]

The first meetings of the company took place in Tarnovsky’s apartment in a house on 104 Moika Embankment, where he lived (quarter 4) and received patients in his home clinic since the 1870s. ^[24] to 1906 ^{[25] [1] [26] [22]} At the first meeting on October 20, 1885, prof. V. M. Tarnovsky, associate chairman prof. A. G. Polotebnov , Secretary I. A. Maev. The society included 20 St. Petersburg doctors, among them - E. F. Shperk , S. S. Yakovlev, S. Ya. Kulnev , A. A. Sukhov, A. G. Ge, M. O. Perfilyev; authoritative doctors from other cities were involved: N. P. Mansurov, A. I. Pospelov , M. I. Stukovenkov . By the end of 1885, the society numbered 46 members. The meetings were moved to the premises of the Office of the Red Cross, on Engineering Street, No. 9. By 1897, there were already two honorary members, 63 full and 8 working members. ^[27] At the first meeting, the company's charter was adopted, approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs on August 9, 1885. It was the first Russian syphilidological and dermatological society in the world, approved at the state level. After that, following his example, such societies began to open abroad: in Berlin, Paris, Vienna and other cities, such societies appeared in Russia in Moscow, Kiev, Odessa and other places. ^{[28] [29]} Minutes of the meetings of 1885-1889. printed on the pages of the Military Medical Journal, and subsequently published separately. In the first 10 years of its existence, the society held about 200 meetings. ^[thirty]

Very soon, society launched a broad effort to combat the spread of syphilis among the country's population. In the first year, 13 meetings were held, in addition to demonstrating patients, discussing a number of issues regarding the appeal of the Medical Council of the Ministry of the Interior regarding the importance of publicly disseminating information about syphilis in order to prevent the development of this disease and appeal to the St. Petersburg city mayor about the activities of the St. Petersburg Medical Police Committee and the regulation of prostitution, with a proposal to develop rules for the possible protection of St. Petersburg wow population from infection. ^[31] The issue of medical confidentiality was widely discussed at a meeting on April 25, 1892. The basis was the report of O. V. Petersen "Materials on the issue of medical confidentiality in relation to syphilis and sexually transmitted diseases." The discussion was attended by the famous lawyer-senator A.F. Koni invited to the meeting by a special letter from Tarnovsky. The company has developed provisions according to which a patient’s secret can be revealed by the attending physician with the consent or at the request of the patient himself, in case of minority or insanity of the patient, in consultation with another doctor. The secrecy of the patient cannot be unconditionally observed by the doctor if the latter testifies to the patient on the duty of his service, what military doctors, doctors of the medical-police committee should do, at the request of the court, military presence ^[32]

At numerous meetings of the society, patients were demonstrated. In order to deeply study the issue, Tarnovsky suggested contacting all special outpatient clinics with a request to inform the society about each case of out-of-sex infection. On his behalf, Dr. I. A. Chistyakov compiled a special scheme of issues on which further information was received. In view of the increase in the number of out-of-sex infections, V. M. Tarnovsky considered it necessary to establish sanitary control of patients after treatment. With regard to the troops, such a measure was personally carried out by him. ^[33]

The Smolensk provincial zemstvo appealed to Tarnovsky, as the chairman of the special commission at the public health protection society and the chairman of the syphilitological society, with a request to draw up an instruction on the dangers of syphilis and its prevention. At one of the meetings in 1885, the plan of this brochure was discussed and it was decided to entrust the writing of the brochure to prof. A. Ge. ^[34]

in 1886, the scientific production of the company, in the form of a series of reports, was featured at the First Congress of the Moscow-Petersburg (subsequently Pirogovsky) medical congress. Syphilidology issues were considered at a special syphilidology section, headed by V. M. Tarnovsky. At all subsequent Pirogov congresses, as a rule, an independent section of dermatology and venereology stood out, headed by V. M. Tarnovsky. At the VII Pirogov Congress in Kazan (1889), Tarnovsky was elected honorary chairman of the congress. ^[28] At congresses, Tarnovsky and his colleagues in society raised topics of wide public importance: the curability of syphilis, syphilitic heredity and double syphilis, brain syphilis, about special hospitals for patients with syphilis and sexually transmitted diseases in big cities, about the popularization of information about syphilis, etc. ^[35]

The largest public event, which was the result of the great work of the Russian Syphilidological and Dermatological Society, carried out under the chairmanship of prof. V. M. Tarnovsky, was convened in 1897, the All-Russian Congress of Syphilologists and Zemstvo doctors to discuss measures against the spread of syphilis. It was the first congress in the world to discuss measures against the spread of syphilis. The society prepared a new nomenclature for syphilis and sexually transmitted diseases for this congress. ^{[36] [31]} Preparations for the congress were carried out during the year at Tarnovsky’s apartment at Moika 104 with the participation of L. F. Ragozin, director of the Medical Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire. ^{[37] [38]}

The St. Petersburg Scientific Society of Dermatovenereologists to this day bears the name of V. M. Tarnovsky. ^[39]

Community Activities

V. M. Tarnovsky repeatedly received assignments of a public nature from the team of professors (at conferences of the academy). In 1875, he was elected as a deputy to the international medical congress in Vienna, in 1889 as a member of the academic court, in 1892 as chairman of the commission to discuss the issue of sending money donated by members of the conference in favor of the starving, and in 1895 as chairman of the commission on the participation of the Academy in the Nizhny Novgorod Exhibition, etc. Veniamin Mikhailovich was one of the founding members of the Society for the Care of Poor Patients, which opened at the Academy on May 2, 1897 ^[40]

He took an active part in organizing the XII International Medical Congress in Moscow on August 7-14, 1897, which became the apotheosis of Russian medicine, bringing together 8,200 participants, of which 5,700 were foreign delegates. Congress demonstrated the importance and necessity of Tarnovsky’s idea of ​​creating national societies of syphilidologists and dermatovenerologists. The example of St. Petersburg was followed by doctors throughout Russia and around the world. Among the speakers at the dermatovenerology section are Kaposi (Kaposi, Vienna), Allopo (Hallopeau, Paris), Gaucher (Gaucher, Paris), Barthelemy (Barthelemy, Paris), Wolf (Wolf, Strassburg), Rosenthal (Rosenthal, Berlin), Nikolsky P.V. (Kiev), Lindstrom (Kiev), Julien (Jullien, Paris), Poper-Mor (Poper-Mor, Budapest), Schwimmer (Schwimmer, Budapest), Pospelov A.I. (Moscow), Tarnovsky V. M. (St. Petersburg). The debate was attended by Vatrashevsky, Yakovlev, Unna (PG Unna), Campana (Campana), Lassar (O. Lassar), Soffiantini (G. Soffiantini), van Horn (van Hoorn), Zack (W. Sack). Within 8 days, more than 1300 reports were made. At the opening of the congress at the Bolshoi Theater, V. M. Tarnovsky delivered a speech by scientists from St. Petersburg. In his report in French, Tarnovsky especially emphasized the importance of the congress of Russian syphilologists in St. Petersburg in January this year in the fight against the spread of syphilis in Russia ^{[41] [42]} At international congresses in 1896 in London and in 1900 in Paris Tarnovsky also took an active part. ^{[43] [44]}

Tarnovsky was a member of the Council of the Communicable Disease Control Society and a sexually transmitted disease consultant in St. Petersburg city hospitals, which are managed by the City Council. Consisting for a long time as a consultant on venereal diseases at the Main Military Medical Administration (1880–1884), and also as the head of the department preparing medical personnel for the army, V. M. Tarnovsky showed great concern for reducing venereal diseases among military personnel and was able to take radical measures to reduce it by conducting research on the country's military hospitals. ^[45]

On December 9, 1896, V. M. Tarnovsky was appointed a member of the Medical Council of the Ministry of the Interior and held this position until 1906. On December 3, 1897, when he turned 35 years old as a professor, Tarnovsky left the academy, but continued to take part in scientific and public life. By the time of his retirement V.M. Tarnovsky was one of the most honored professors of the Academy, had the rank of Privy Councilor, and was awarded the highest state orders.

Tarnovsky was the honorary chairman of the Russian Syphilidological and Dermatological Society, an honorary member of the Moscow, Kharkov, Odessa Dermato-Venereal Societies, the Berlin Dermatological Society, the Society of Kiev Doctors, Odessa Doctors, the Vilnius Medical Society, the Society for the Assistance of Women Doctors, and the corresponding member of the Vienna Royal Society of Doctors , Medical Academy of Paris, Paris Medical Society, French Society of Sanitary and Moral Prevention. As an honorary magistrate, he was invited to attend the congress of magistrates in Feodosia. ^[46]

At the XV International Medical Congress in Lisbon (April 19-26, 1906) V. M. Tarnovsky was appointed Chairman of the national (Russian) committee.

In 1907, the widow of the late V. M. Tarnovsky turned to the Syphilidological Society with a proposal to establish a prize named after V. M. Tarnovsky, for which she brought a donation of untouchable capital to the society in 10OOO rubles. The prize consisted of percent of the untouchable capital of 10,000 rubles of state rent and was issued every five years starting in September 1906. ^[47] After the expiration of a five-year period from the date of death of V. M. Tarnovsky, the first prize in his name, in 1711 rubles, was awarded Professor of the Military Medical Academy N. A. Velyaminov for the capital work “Syphilis of the joints”. ^[48]

Since the 1880s, the scientific interests of Tarnovsky have shifted to a certain extent in the field of sexology, sexopathology, and the moral and legal aspects of sexuality. In particular, Tarnovsky cautiously spoke out in favor of decriminalization of sodomy in those cases when it is associated with congenital homosexuality (while distinguishing between congenital and acquired homosexuality); Tarnovsky also considered innate a tendency to prostitution .

It is believed that in Tarnovsky's work “Perversion of sexual feelings” ( 1884 , a separate edition of 1885 , a German edition of 1886 ), the term “sexual perversion” was introduced for the first time in Russia (as a translation of the French “inversion du sens génital” from the work of the same name by J.- M. Charcot and V. Magnan 1882 ), and this work itself greatly influenced the works of the founder of clinical sexopathology R. Kraft-Ebing .

• St. Petersburg Scientific Society of Dermatovenerologists named after V.M. Tarnovsky
• In 1922, the Kalinka hospital was named after V. M. Tarnovsky.

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• About smallpox as an antisyphilitic affinity // Military.- honey. Zh., 1862, h, 83, Dep. 2, p. 196-234.
• Recognition of sexually transmitted diseases in women and children. Guide for midwives; with atlas: a) St. Petersburg, 1863; b) St. Petersburg, 1867.
• Some forms of syphilitic aphasia // a) Military-medical. Zh., 1867, part 100, department, 3, p. 225-296, and 1868, part 101, det. 3, 162-214; (5) St. Petersburg, 1868; c) ed. in Italian, language, 1872.
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• Fracture and syphilis. Lecture delivered at the conference Med.-chir. Academy March 23, 1868 // Med. Herald, 1868, p. 27, 251-256.
• Debriefing F.O. Ostrovsky "On the late rheumatism." Duct. about Russian islands, doctors in St. Petersburg, 1868/1869, p. 240-242.
• 4 cases of infection with simple (soft) venereal chancres of syphilitic subjects. The channel, about Russian islands. doctors in St. Petersburg, 1868/1869, p. 303-304.
• False-hardened chancres of syphilitics. Duct. about Russian doctors in St. Petersburg, 1868/1869, p. 315-328.
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• Report of the consultant on sexually transmitted diseases at the Main Military-medical. management // Military-medical. Zh., 1881, part 140, part 7, p. 63-112.
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• Perversion of sexual feelings: Forensic psychiatrist. essay: For doctors and lawyers / [Op.] Prof. V. M. Tarnovsky. - St. Petersburg: type. M. M. Stasyulevich, 1885. - [4], 109 p.
• Puberty, its course, deviations and diseases. a) St. Petersburg., 1986, b) St. Petersburg., 1891.
• About the sources of syphilis; regarding the cutting of syphilitic primary hardening: a) Doctor, 1887, No. 18, p. 363-366, b) St. Petersburg, 1887.
• Feedback on the book: Mansurov "Lectures on sexually transmitted diseases." Duct. Russian syphil. Islands, 26/111. 1888
• Prostitution and abolitionism (jointly with I.M. Tarnovsky ), 1888.
• In memory of prof. Ricora. Duct. Russian syphil. about-va. 1888/1889, pp. 79-82.
• Regulation of prostitution in Moscow and Paris: a) The duct. syphilitological society, 1889/1890, b) Medicine, 1890, No. 7, p. 66-67.
• Consumers of prostitution: a) Medicine, 1890, No. 69 and 70, p. 557-562; b) St. Petersburg, 1890.
• The experience of abolitionism in Italy: a) Honey. Review, 1891, v. 36, M 24, p. 1136-1148; b) M., 1891.
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• Malignant syphilis. Доклад на III международном съезде врачей в Лондоне: а) Библиотека врача, 1896, № 8; б) М., 1896; в) СПб., 1900.
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