Palladium transcription system

Initial Record

Finals Record

Russian transcription can be carried out directly from hieroglyphic writing using Sino-Russian dictionaries in which readings of hieroglyphs are given immediately in the Cyrillic alphabet. Otherwise, Latin script can be used for Russian transcription, in particular with the help of the most widespread Romanization system - pinyin .

Syllables ending in pinyin with - ng , in Palladium transcription end with -n (Shanghai - Shanghai ). Syllables ending in pinyin with -n , in Palladium transcription end with -n (Shaolin - Shaolin ).

Chinese tones are not reflected in Russian broadcasts, with the exception of special cases of use in dictionaries and educational materials.

Syllable Joint

If during the transcription of two adjacent syllables of one word, the first ends in -n, and the next begins in a vowel, then a dividing ъ is put at the junction, for example: 长安Chang'an , 朋友penyu .

The suffix -er (儿), added at the end of words , is transmitted through the letter p without any changes to the endings of the previous syllable, that is, kunr, jiaor, jinr, weir, wanyir, ziger, huar ^[4] . In the transfer of geographical names, this syllable is transmitted as - er , unless it is preceded by a syllable ending in - er : Derbukanhe instead of Derbukanhe ^[5] .

In Chinese words, which can be read both in monosyllables, matching the standard Chinese syllable, and as two-syllables (separated by an apostrophe in pinyin), if necessary, put an apostrophe sign in a two-syllable reading, as in pinyin for example: Su'an (two syllables) and Xuan , Hu'ainan (three syllables) and Huainan (two syllables), Fan Zu'an (two syllables in the name) and Fan Zuan (one syllable in the name), Li Zuo ' y (in the name of two syllables) and Li Zou (in the name of one syllable), Go'uyuan " states th Council "(three syllables) and gou'yuan" 1) the dog yard; 2) to dislike ”(two syllables), etc. The apostrophe is placed after the syllable in y or yu (that is, gu, do, eku, ku, lu, du, well, nu, su, syu, tu, hu, tzu, Chiu, Tsu, Chiu, Zhu, Chu, Shu, Yu ) before the syllables a, ai, an and e ; b) it is used after the syllable o about before the syllable y , except for the syllables bo, wo, biao, diao, miao, nyao, piao, tiao , since the Chinese language has the syllable su , but there are no syllables * bow, * wow, * bya, * dya, * mia ... * fya, * cha , etc. ^[6] When transmitting geographical names, the apostrophe is omitted ^[7] .

Hui Syllable Transition

The syllable hui is pronounced as [ x u ə i ] ^[8] , which is reflected in the Cyrillic spelling as hui (eg huiizu ) and at the same time avoids discord in Russian. In place names, this syllable is usually written as a hoi (eg, Anhui , Khochan ) ^[5] . Some authors mistakenly use the literal transliteration of pinyin, which creates variants of transliteration: 安徽Anhui - Anhui, 回族 Huizu - Huizu.

The syllable hui (hui) can be written Chinese surnames and names (eg нап Huī) or part of them. It is also the name of the people (回 huí) (tz. Huizu ) and one of the Chinese languages ​​/ dialects of hoy (徽 Huī).

Syllable Transmission feng, meng, fen, men

In the scientific and fiction literature published in Russian, when transcribing proper names and in terminology, the dual spelling of the syllables Men - Myn, Men - Myn, Feng - Fyn, Fen - Fyn, Peng - Pyn is often found. But starting from the 50s of the XX century. preferences began to be given to spellings with the letter e .

in order to maintain the continuity of the spelling of geographical names and because of the large volume of accumulated cartographic and reference materials published by various departments or at their disposal (locations, various maps, reference books, card indexes, etc.), in this area of ​​personal names are proposed so far leave the traditional spelling of the four syllables through s - myn, myn, fyn, fyn, but cite them in brackets after the spellings with e, for example Kaifeng (Kaifeng), Xiaomen (Xiaomin), etc. ^[9]

However, there are currently two options for conveying these syllables:

• 1) in one they are transmitted as fyn, fyn, fyn, fisherman , this option is used only in geographical names (in particular on maps, in reference books and encyclopedias), for example, Aomyn , Kayfin , Tiananmen ^[5] .
• 2) in the second, these syllables are transmitted as feng, man, feng, men, it is used in dictionaries and in the transfer of other names of own and Chinese realities, for example, feng shui , surnames Meng , Feng .

Declination

Words ending in simple vowels -o, -e, -i, -u, -y and diphthongs -e, -u, -i, -ao, -yao, -ou , -ua , -yue , are not inclined regardless grammatical kind.

Chinese geographical names and personal names ending in -a, -e, although theoretically they can vary in cases (especially words ending in -a), it is preferable not to incline to avoid changing the final syllable. In all cases, they should be written in their original form, for example: Changsha , Luyd a (rather than Changsha, Luyd e or Changshu, Luyd y ), Chen Bod a (not Chen Bod y ), y Sym a (not Sym s ), Shang Zi, etc.

Words ending in a consonant are declined. In declension, Chinese names are not separated from the Russian ending with an apostrophe or hyphen, but are spelled together, that is, Beijing a , Hailar a (and not * Beijing- a , * Hailar ' a ); the final th falls out, as in the declension of similar Russian names ( in Altai , etc.), for example: in Shanghai e (and not in * Shanghai ye or * Shanghai y'e ), in Guisu e (and not in * Guisu ye ), Yuan Shika I (and not * Yuan Shika y'ya ), about Bao Yu e (and not * Bao Yu ye ).

Chinese names with the same endings related to the female genus are not inclined, for example: with Song Jingling , with the Tang (dynasty), with the baoan (nationality) .

In declined Chinese male surnames and names (nicknames, etc.) , only the last syllable of the name changes by case , for example: Ma Donglai, Sun Yat-sen (and not Sun Yat-sen). If one surname (without a name) or one name (without a surname) is found, then they are inclined according to the general rules, that is, with Ouyang , Zhang , Tantai, Wang , etc.

The greatest number of discrepancies between the morphological and syntactic order is caused by Chinese proper names with finite -n. All male surnames and names change according to the declension of the beast , for example: Huang Zunxian , Tao Qianyu , about Qu Yuan . Geographical names of China ending in -n are preferably not inclined. The use of the nomenclature term ( city, river, province , etc.) allows us not to decline Chinese geographical names, even if they may be declined, for example: in the Tianjin city district, in Yunnan province. But if necessary, changes in the cases of names with a final spelling should be differentiated depending on the kind of nomenclature term. So, the names of cities, counties, districts, islands, mountain ranges (and mountains), straits, languages ​​should be declined as masculine names according to the declination of the specimen beast , for example: in [cities] Tianjin e , Sian e , Anshan e , in Dahunming , in [county] Yesyan e , on the [island] Hainan e , on the slopes of Alashan I , on Taishan e , on Wenyang e , etc.

The Chinese names of provinces, deserts, plains, villages change according to cases as feminine nouns according to the declension of the salt sample, for example: in Hunan and , Yunnan and , Sichuan and (provinces), etc. ^[10]

Accent

When making words transcribed from the Chinese language, syllables are considered according to the original Chinese word: for example, vowels y , o , yu , e (combined yue ), standing next to another vowel, are considered non-syllable. For example, soglashenie is carried out as follows (syllable-forming vowels are marked in bold): Gu a n-zh o u, Sh a o-l and ny, Liu a ns- i ny, L yu- ey n.

In two-syllable proper names and geographical names, the inflection is always on the last syllable, for example: Li Hongzhang , Zeng Guofeng, commander Wu Sangui , Shanghai, Guangzhou , Hebei province, etc.

In three-syllable words and phrases, the main stress is often on the first syllable, and the second stress is on the third syllable, for example: wanyuanjin “telescope”, Dagunyan “eldest daughter”, etc. ^[11] In geographical names, stress is always conditionally put on the last syllable : Jinmyndao ^[12] .

Dialect Forms

The transmission of dialectal forms in Chinese names in China is allowed only if these forms are sequentially reflected on maps and in other official sources published with the help of Chinese pinyin (for toponyms) ^[13] , or enshrined in Russian-language literature (for other words). For example:

• the name 香港 in the Beijing pronunciation of "Hong Kong" can also be transmitted in dialect pronunciation - Hong Kong (cant. Heūnggóng through the English. Hong Kong);
• the hieroglyph 六 in the name 六 直 is transmitted in the dialect pronunciation of Lu (cf. Beijing. liu - Liu) - Luzhi ;
• The geographical terms 街 “street” ( stand . jiē / jie , dia . gai ) and 堡 “fortress, village” (stand. bǎo, bǔ , dia . pù ) in the territory of Northeast China are transmitted in dialect form - guy and poo: Sypingai , Lenszypu ^[13] .
• some names: Li Bo (instead of stand. Li Bai), Lu Xin (Lu Xun), Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian), Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), Chan Lim Bak (Chen Lianbo), Liu Jie Dan (Liu Zhidan), Yoon Wing (Rong Hong) et al. ^[14] .

For names and names represented outside of China (including Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, etc.) in dialect forms, it is recommended to use transcription systems from the corresponding Chinese topollects ^[15] : Cantonese-Russian , South Minsko-Russian ^{[16 ]} and others.

Settled Exceptions

The most famous established exceptions among toponyms: Beijing (Beijing), Nanjing (Nanjing), Harbin (Haerbin). Also, the toponyms of national autonomies are transcribed not from Chinese, but from the language of the titular nationality (see for more details the List of geographical names of China with non-standard transcription ).

Names that entered the Russian language through an intermediary language: Confucius (Kun-fu-tzu).

The Wade-Giles system (or simply Wade, sometimes Wade-Gilles; Wade-Giles ) is an older than Pinyin system of standardizing the standard Chinese language (Putonghua), sometimes still used in English-speaking countries.

See the translation of the Wade-Giles system into the Palladium system.

• Bopomofo
• Polivanov system
• Kontsevich system
• Cantonese-Russian practical transcription
• Vietnamese language (practical transcription)
• Sino-Russian practical transcription
• Transcribing foreign names into Chinese letters

• Instruction on the Russian transfer of geographical names of China / Comp. Y. A. Miropolsky ; Ed. G.E. Tikhonova . - M .: Nauka , 1983 .-- 132 p. - 600 copies.
• Kontsevich L. R. Chinese proper names and terms in the Russian text. - M., Ant, 2002.
• Koryakov Yu. B. Creation of Practical Transcriptions for South China Topollects // Uchenye Zapiski Kazan University. Series: Humanities. - Kazan: KazGU, 2012. - T. 154. No. 5. - S. 101-110.
• Matsaev S.A., Orlov V.G. Manual on the transcription and spelling of Chinese words. - M., 1966
• Instruction on the Russian transfer of geographical names of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China / Comp.: N. M. Nadzharova and S. S. Tselnicker ; Ed. V.I.Savina . - M. , 1971. - 44 p. - 300 copies.

• PINYIN and Palladium transcription correspondence table
• About Russian Spelling
• Correction table of readings of Chinese proper names, names and terms cited in the writings of Fr. Iakinf (N. Ya. Bichurina)
• Automatic Pinyin Transcription by Palladium System