Archibald Douglas ( English Archibald Douglas ; 1489 - 1557 ), 6th Earl of Angus (since 1513 ) - Scottish Baron, leader of the Anglophilia party at the beginning of the 16th century , several times seized power in the country.
| Archibald Douglas | |||||||
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| Archibald douglas | |||||||
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| Predecessor | Archibald "Desperate" | ||||||
| Successor | David Douglas | ||||||
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| Predecessor | James Beaton , Archbishop of Glasgow | ||||||
| Successor | Gavin Dunbar , Archbishop of Glasgow | ||||||
| Birth | 1489 | ||||||
| Death | 1557 Tantallon Castle | ||||||
| Rod | Douglas | ||||||
| Father | George Douglas, Master of Angus | ||||||
| Mother | Elizabeth Drummond | ||||||
| Spouse | Margaret Hepburn (1509) Margarita Tudor ( 1514 - 1528 ) Margaret Maxwell (1543) | ||||||
| Children | Janet douglas William Douglas Margarita Douglas | ||||||
Archibald Douglas was the grandson of Archibald "Desperate", the 5th Earl of Angus . Archibald's father died in the Battle of Flodden and his son inherited the county after the death of his grandfather.
Content
Marriage with Margarita Tudor
In 1514 , the young earl married Margaret Tudor , daughter of the English king Henry VII - widow of the king of Scotland, Jacob IV . This allowed Douglas to lead the government of the country under juvenile Jacob V. However, this marriage of the queen and rapprochement with England , undertaken by Margarita and Angus, caused outrage of the Scottish barons. In 1515 , John Stewart, Duke of Albany , a pro-French supporter, was elected Scottish governor, and Angus was expelled from the country. Albany pursued a policy of appeasement, so soon Archibald Douglas was pardoned, returned to Scotland, and even joined the Regency Council. Meanwhile, Margarita Tudor, offended by her husband’s adultery, began the divorce procedure.
During the period of Albany in France in the years 1517-1521. Angus again tried to seize power, causing a protracted conflict with James Hamilton, Earl Arran . The struggle between Angus and Arran, reaching armed clashes over control of Edinburgh , threatened to escalate into a civil war, and only the return of the regent allowed the situation to stabilize.
Angus Regency
At the same time, Angus led the Anglophilian party of the Scottish barons, which began to take shape after the Battle of Flodden . Initially, the number of supporters of orientation to England was not great - the traditional commitment of Scotland to an alliance with France remained. However, gradually the idea of rapprochement with the southern neighbor received more and more recognition. This was evidenced by the release in 1521 of the book of John Major “Great Britain” and the refusal of the Scottish nobles to participate in the military campaigns of the Duke of Albany against England in the years 1522-1523. The pro-English barons actively supported and subsidized Henry VIII , king of England.
The growth of Anglophile sentiment among the Scottish nobility allowed Angus to carry out a coup d'etat in 1525 . The king was placed under the supervision of Archibald Douglas in Edinburgh , and Angus’s relatives and confidants were appointed to all senior positions. This, of course, could not but cause discontent of the Scottish nobility. However, all attempts to revolt against Angus were suppressed. It was only in May 1528 that the king managed to escape from Edinburgh and gather under his command detachments of Scottish nobles. The royal army entered the capital and laid siege to Angus in his ancestral castle Tantallon . December 5, 1528 Douglas was forced to capitulate, but he was allowed to emigrate to England.
It should also be noted that the rule of Angus in 1525-1528. It was marked not only by the narrow oligarchy usurpation of power: during this period there was a time of active involvement of talented petty noblemen and commoner Scots, many of whom retained their posts after the fall of the graph, into the public service. Angus also with some success tried to restore order in the regions bordering on England, the barons of which were distinguished by a particular tendency toward anarchy.
Return and break with England
Earl Angus was able to return to Scotland only in 1543 , after the death of King Jacob V. He joined the Regency Council under the direction of James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran , who was conducting a policy of orientation to England at that time. On behalf of Henry VIII, Angus arranged for Scotland to conclude an agreement on the marriage of the newborn Queen Maria Stewart and the son of the King of England. However, in 1544 , supporters of the Franco-Scottish alliance led by Cardinal David Beaton came to power in Scotland, and Angus was immediately dismissed.
The victory of the pro-French party provoked a number of British invasions of Scotland in 1544-1545. The ruin by the British of the Angus possessions in Lothian and the outrage upon the family graves of Douglas in Melrose led to a radical turn in the fate of the earl: Archibald led the Scottish resistance forces and on February 27, 1545 defeated the British forces at the battle of Ancrum . The following year, Angus received subsidies from France, and on September 10, 1547 he commanded the Scottish vanguard at the Battle of Pinky .
The daughter of Archibald Douglas from Margaret Tudor, Margaret Douglas , his only legitimate child, became the mother of Heinrich, Lord Darnley , husband of the Queen of Scotland, Mary Stuart .