Intertext is the correlation of one text with another, dialogical interaction of texts, which ensures the transformation of meaning into that given by the author. The main form and method of constructing a literary text in the art of modernism and postmodernism , consisting in the fact that the text is built from quotes and reminiscences to other texts.
Intertextuality is a term introduced in 1967 by the theoretician of poststructuralism , the French researcher Julia Kristeva (b. 1941) to denote the general property of texts, expressed in the presence of links between them, due to which texts (or parts thereof) can explicitly or implicitly refer to each other in many different ways friend. It should be noted that the idea of “dialogue between texts” in the original version belonged to M. M. Bakhtin .
Intertextuality is realized both in scientific and in literary texts.
Despite the fact that various manifestations of intertextuality have been known since time immemorial, the emergence of the corresponding term and theory in the last third of the 20th century. It seems no coincidence. The significantly increased availability of works of art and mass education, the development of mass media and the spread of mass culture (no matter how it relates) led to a very strong semiotization of human life, to the feeling that, in the words of the Polish paradoxist Stanislav Jerzy Lets, “About everything already said. Fortunately, not everything has been thought of ”(by the way, this quote itself in this paragraph is also an illustration of its main thesis), and if we can come up with something new, then for the approval of the novelty it is necessary to compare the new content with what is already it was said; if there is no claim to novelty, then the use of an existing form to express some content quite often becomes a prestigious indication of the author’s acquaintance with the cultural and semiotic heritage, with the “treasures of the semiosphere”. Art, and from some point on, and everyday semiotic processes in the 20th century, become largely “intertextual”.
Intertext Forms:
- Citation is the main form of intertext in scientific communication. They are formally labeled fragments of previously published texts. Citation Objectives:
- evidence function (quote-argument),
- illustration of the author’s judgments (example quote),
- expression of the author’s point of view with the help of other people's words, reference to authority (alternate quote).
- Retelling in the form of indirect speech fragments from texts of other authors.
- Background links to the theory or ideas expressed earlier.
Intertext features in the press:
- informational
- text-forming (if intertextual inclusion is the subject of the message, forming its content basis),
- authenticity - accurate information about the source of the intertext is given.
Allusion - inclusions from precedent texts with zero or implicit marking. A stylistic figure requires a high level of cultural and intellectual competence of the reader. Usually stands in a strong position.
The term intertext is used to denote an ever-evolving collection of texts that exists either at the ideal, or at the virtual, or at the library levels, which is constructed in corpora. In this case, the term corpora is used in the plural, since texts can be grouped by the time of their creation, by the method of transmission, by genre, by field of application and by language.
Source - N. N. Belozerova. Intertext functioning model.
Each text is an INTERTEXT: other texts are present in it at various levels in more or less recognizable forms: texts of the preceding culture and texts of the surrounding culture. Each text is a new fabric woven from old quotes. Scraps of cultural codes, formulas, rhythmic structures, fragments of social idioms, etc. - all of them are absorbed in the text and mixed in it, because there is always a language to the text and around it. As a necessary precondition for any text, INTERTEXTUALITY cannot be reduced to the problem of sources and influences; it represents the general field of anonymous formulas, the origin of which is rarely found, of unconscious or automatic quotes given without quotation marks. (Quoted from: The Semiotics Anthology M .: “Academic Project”; Yekaterinburg: “Business Book”, 2001, Introductory article by Yu. Stepanov, pp. 36-37).
Terms used to refer to the relationship between the text under discussion and other texts, which may be literary or non-literary works.
Landow, George P. Other Convergences: Intertextuality, Multivocality, and De-centeredness
This problem was dealt with by: M. M. Bakhtin, Yu. M. Lotman, V. N. Toporov, R. Bart and others. The term itself was introduced by Y. Kristeva (French philologist of post-structuralist orientation). I polemicized with the Bakhtinsky concepts of dialogism and another's word. R. Bart: “Text is a quotation.”
Intertext Substances
- Time [1]
Time is a necessary component of intertext, a condition for its existence. Having defined the intertext as informational reality, we thereby introduced the time factor. To understand the intertext, historical (natural) time is important. The common properties of this time include one-dimensionality, asymmetry and irreversibility.
- Person
A person is understood in the sense of Homo creans, a creative person, that is, performing a creative action on the text. In relation to the text, a person speaks in two of his guises: Author / Reader.
By type of activity, the author and the reader, using the language coding mechanism, transmit some content in the text; the reader, perceiving the finished text, uses the decoding mechanism to understand this content.
Reading in modern psycholinguistics is considered as a type of text production activity. Moreover, the text existing in the mind of the author and the text created by the reader are not identical. Understanding is a “subtraction” in the text of one’s own personal meanings. At the same time, the reader’s text and the author’s text cannot be completely different, therefore, any text contains material (language) signals indicating the direction of interpretation. Thus, the author’s text and the reader’s text have some intersection area, the boundaries of which are determined:
- the number of such language signals;
- coincidence of the conceptual systems of the author and the reader, which depends on the commonality of the cultural environment, tradition;
- time separating the moment of creation of a work from the moment of its reading.
- Text
Linguists claim that there are about 250 definitions of the text, but none of them is canonical. It is fundamentally important to distinguish between a work and a text.
The text is “a connected, compact, reproducible sequence of signs and images, unfolded along the arrow of time, expressing some content and having a meaning, in principle, accessible to understanding”.
A work of art is one of the states of a text over time. It is characterized by completeness, integrity, structuredness and the presence of the author. The text does not have the completeness inherent in a work of art. The text is “the space where the process of the formation of meanings” takes place.
The birth of a text is impossible without reliance on existing texts: the text is "a kind of monad , reflecting in itself all the texts of a given semantic field." The text always retains its own reference - it represents some objectively existing or imaginary reality. A work becomes a text when it "opens up", loses its "self", being included in the general literary series.
The same text at different points in time can be a prototext and a metatext. Thus, prototext and metatext are functional varieties of text as a substance of intertext. Metatext is a text about a text, that is, a text that performs not only its own reference function, but also a meta-reference function for interpreting the explication of the reference meaning of the prototext. Prototext is the base text, based on which meta-text is created.
Notes
- ↑ N. A. Kuzmina: Intertext and its role in the processes of the evolution of poetic language - Ekaterinburg - Omsk, 1999
Links
- Bashirova N.Z. Intertexts in modern English newspaper articles (based on the works of W. Shakespeare) // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill . - 2008. - No. 4 . - S. 168-172 .
- Kristeva Yu. Selected Works: The Destruction of Poetics. - M .: “Russian Political Encyclopedia” (ROSSPEN) , 2004. - ISBN 5-8243-0500-5 .
- Piege-Gro N. Introduction to the theory of intertextuality. - M .: LCI , 2008 .-- ISBN 978-5-382-004461 -7.
- Yampolsky M. B. Memory of Tiresias. Intertextuality and cinema. - M .: RIC "Culture" , 1993. - ISBN 5-8334-0023-6 .